<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222</id><updated>2012-01-27T13:46:18.854-08:00</updated><category term='Photos'/><category term='Latin America'/><category term='History'/><category term='Poverty and Inequality'/><category term='International Politics'/><category term='Governança'/><category term='Europe'/><category term='Nationalism'/><category term='Mass Media'/><category term='Política catalana'/><category term='Spain'/><category term='Coses de la vida'/><title type='text'>Marc Bou i Novensà</title><subtitle type='html'>A trilingual blog about politics and from Catalonia</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>64</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2460575261831382760</id><published>2011-06-23T11:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-29T11:47:16.142-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Brechas generacionales en las revueltas del mundo árabe</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ioMnO0TGeU0/TgtzIJJri2I/AAAAAAAAAe0/CECxMkKWn0s/s1600/egypt-revolution-2011.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 176px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ioMnO0TGeU0/TgtzIJJri2I/AAAAAAAAAe0/CECxMkKWn0s/s320/egypt-revolution-2011.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5623715143434865506" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;b&gt;L&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;a oleada revolucionaria en el mundo árabe ha sido, en cierto modo, una sorpresa. Si bien es verdad que analistas y centros de investigación señalaban desde hacía tiempo los graves problemas estructurales de los países del norte de África y de Oriente Próximo, nadie se aventuró a predecir que, en pocas semanas, masivas protestas ciudadanas y en cadena serían capaces de derrocar a los presidentes de Túnez y Egipto, de provocar una guerra civil en Libia y de forzar a regímenes como los de Marruecos o Jordania a mover ficha y promover reformas para frenar el descontento social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "&gt; Aun sin saber &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;cuál será el desenlace final y el alcance de este efecto dominó, es obvio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;que nada volverá a ser como antes (&lt;a href="http://www.politicaexterior.com/articulo?id=4645"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Economía Exterior&lt;/i&gt; núm. 57&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Artículo escrito por Íñigo Macías Aymar y yo mismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2460575261831382760?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2460575261831382760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2460575261831382760&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2460575261831382760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2460575261831382760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2011/06/brechas-generacionales-en-las-revueltas.html' title='Brechas generacionales en las revueltas del mundo árabe'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ioMnO0TGeU0/TgtzIJJri2I/AAAAAAAAAe0/CECxMkKWn0s/s72-c/egypt-revolution-2011.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8039577845842382453</id><published>2011-06-23T10:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-23T11:02:13.345-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Estats fràgils a l’Amèrica Llatina?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld6QLGlAMF4/TgN_KX9bSsI/AAAAAAAAAek/HjYr6qUOxvA/s1600/mbou5.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 141px; height: 149px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld6QLGlAMF4/TgN_KX9bSsI/AAAAAAAAAek/HjYr6qUOxvA/s320/mbou5.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621476576095587010" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;es dels atemptats de l’11-S, els estats fràgils han atret cada cop més l’atenció dels països desenvolupats i, en especial, dels Estats Units. A partir d’aquell moment, quedava prou clar que les amenaces a la seguretat global no provenien de les ànsies expansionistes d’un tercer estat, com fou el cas de l’Alemanya nazi o de la invasió de Kuwait per part de l’Irak, sinó de les xarxes de criminalitat que han establert les seves bases d’operacions en països extremament dèbils des d’un punt de vista institucional. Per consultar l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/10224"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8039577845842382453?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8039577845842382453/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8039577845842382453&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8039577845842382453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8039577845842382453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2011/06/httpwwwjordipujolcatcacejparticles10224.html' title='Estats fràgils a l’Amèrica Llatina?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld6QLGlAMF4/TgN_KX9bSsI/AAAAAAAAAek/HjYr6qUOxvA/s72-c/mbou5.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6596411322609814058</id><published>2011-03-18T04:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-18T04:15:08.562-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Governança'/><title type='text'>La calidad de la democracia paraguaya: un avance sobre caminos tortuosos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--4EL8YrMPz8/TYM90eHwK3I/AAAAAAAAAdw/f88JyOchG4M/s1600/paraguay-pos.png"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 199px; height: 241px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--4EL8YrMPz8/TYM90eHwK3I/AAAAAAAAAdw/f88JyOchG4M/s320/paraguay-pos.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5585375934517619570" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;E&lt;/span&gt;n el marco de una preocupación cada vez mayor por analizar la calidad de las nuevas democracias, este artículo (publicado en la revista &lt;a href="http://campus.usal.es/%7Erevistas_trabajo/index.php/1130-2887"&gt;América Latina Hoy&lt;/a&gt;) se ocupa de examinar el caso de Paraguay. Se trata de una democracia poco atendida en la literatura especializada aunque su interés está creciendo como consecuencia de la derrota electoral del Partido Colorado (en el poder desde 1947) en las presidenciales de abril de 2008. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se parte de una reflexión teórica y metodológica en torno a la noción y la medición empírica de la calidad democrática. Al realizar el análisis de la democracia paraguaya se atiende a cinco dimensiones fundamentales: derechos políticos y libertades civiles, Estado de Derecho, rendición de cuentas, responsiveness y participación. La conclusión general es que es una democracia de baja calidad, distanciada del promedio latinoamericano. Para explicar este bajo nivel de calidad democrática se presta atención a tres tipos de explicaciones, que están relacionadas: unas referentes a la estructura socioeconómica del país, otras a las características de sus instituciones políticas (sobre todo, la relevancia del clientelismo) y, finalmente, otras relativas a los intereses y estrategias de los partidos políticos. Para consultar el artículo pulse &lt;a href="http://campus.usal.es/%7Erevistas_trabajo/index.php/1130-2887/article/viewFile/7789/7798"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6596411322609814058?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6596411322609814058/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6596411322609814058&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6596411322609814058'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6596411322609814058'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2011/03/la-calidad-de-la-democracia-paraguaya.html' title='La calidad de la democracia paraguaya: un avance sobre caminos tortuosos'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--4EL8YrMPz8/TYM90eHwK3I/AAAAAAAAAdw/f88JyOchG4M/s72-c/paraguay-pos.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1324717191701448499</id><published>2011-01-15T09:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-15T09:26:50.032-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Una visió aigualida de les potències emergents</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TTHYipK0p4I/AAAAAAAAAc8/PuF7aXTJq5E/s1600/mbou4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 147px; height: 148px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TTHYipK0p4I/AAAAAAAAAc8/PuF7aXTJq5E/s320/mbou4.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5562465104457672578" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;lguns vaticinen que l’hegemonia dels Estats Units està tocant a la seva fi i que l’emergència de països com el Brasil, Rússia, l'Índia, Turquia o la Xina reconfiguraran l’ordre mundial. Ara bé, aquesta afirmació s’ha de matisar o, fins i tot, descafeïnar. Efectivament, en el decurs dels pròxims anys el poder relatiu dels Estats Units i la seva influència arreu del món es veuran reduïts (sobretot si es compara amb el període posterior al desmembrament de la URSS), però en cap cas deixarà de ser l’actor preeminent. Per accedir a l'article sencer, cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/9390"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1324717191701448499?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1324717191701448499/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1324717191701448499&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1324717191701448499'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1324717191701448499'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2011/01/alguns-vaticinen-que-lhegemonia-dels.html' title='Una visió aigualida de les potències emergents'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TTHYipK0p4I/AAAAAAAAAc8/PuF7aXTJq5E/s72-c/mbou4.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6738448731581372173</id><published>2010-12-31T02:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-15T09:26:12.083-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poverty and Inequality'/><title type='text'>Estats fràgils: causes i conseqüències d'una realitat emergent</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TR27h_iFn9I/AAAAAAAAAc0/TJyisGtRDA4/s1600/piratessomalia0516r.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 175px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TR27h_iFn9I/AAAAAAAAAc0/TJyisGtRDA4/s320/piratessomalia0516r.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556803707909545938" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;ls atemptats de l’11-S van marcar un punt d’inflexió en la política exterior i de seguretat dels països desenvolupats i, en especial, dels Estats Units. A partir de llavors es comença a prendre consciència de l’amenaça que representaven els estats fràgils per a la pau i l’estabilitat globals. El cert és que les organitzacions terroristes i les xarxes de delinqüència internacionals han trobat en els estats fràgils el terreny fèrtil per establir les bases d’operacions i dirigir-hi les seves activitats il•lícites. L’Afganistan i Somàlia són, probablement, els casos més paradigmàtics. Però, en contra del que es podria pensar, la llista d’estats fràgils és molt més llarga a més d’heterogènia. Davant d’aquesta realitat, l’objectiu de l'article que s'ha publicat a la revista VIA del Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol és doble. Per una banda, oferir una radiografia prou completa dels estats fràgils a partir del tractament i anàlisi de dades i de la revisió de la literatura especialitzada. I, per l’altra, identificar algunes de les causes, tant endògenes com exògenes, que explicarien la fragilitat d’una bona mostra d’estats i, en particular, dels de l’Àfrica Subsahariana. Per accedir a l'article escrit conjuntament amb l'Íñigo Macías-Aymar cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/files/articles/MBou1.pdf"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6738448731581372173?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6738448731581372173/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6738448731581372173&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6738448731581372173'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6738448731581372173'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/12/e-ls-atemptats-de-l11-s-van-marcar-un.html' title='Estats fràgils: causes i conseqüències d&apos;una realitat emergent'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TR27h_iFn9I/AAAAAAAAAc0/TJyisGtRDA4/s72-c/piratessomalia0516r.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1478850223163470167</id><published>2010-10-14T10:21:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T03:20:48.575-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Una reflexió sobre la crisi equatoriana i les eleccions brasileres</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TLc8LbM7riI/AAAAAAAAAcE/3mJ9vvkOPdE/s1600/mbou3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 148px; height: 117px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TLc8LbM7riI/AAAAAAAAAcE/3mJ9vvkOPdE/s320/mbou3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5527953234598800930" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;motinament policial o cop d’estat fallit? Aquesta és la pregunta que encara cueja després que el president de l’Equador, Rafael Correa, fos retingut durant hores en un hospital de Quito. La versió oficial del govern, avalada precipitadament per la Unió de Nacions Sud-americanes (Unasur) i l’Organització d’Estats Americans (OEA), assegura que la insubordinació de la policia formava part d’una conspiració política que tenia com a objectiu últim el derrocament del president legítimament escollit; mentre que sectors de l’oposició i alguns analistes circumscriuen l’excés policial a motius estrictament laborals i a la pèrdua de privilegis que suposava la Llei de Servei Públic. Per consultar l'article sencer clicar &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/8905"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1478850223163470167?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1478850223163470167/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1478850223163470167&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1478850223163470167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1478850223163470167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/10/motinament-policial-o-cop-destat-fallit.html' title='Una reflexió sobre la crisi equatoriana i les eleccions brasileres'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TLc8LbM7riI/AAAAAAAAAcE/3mJ9vvkOPdE/s72-c/mbou3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2580128950871299846</id><published>2010-09-23T10:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T03:20:59.919-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Sobre les etiquetes i la divisió del món</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TJuRlHIBzlI/AAAAAAAAAbc/B90o61LCN94/s1600/mbou2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 149px; height: 139px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TJuRlHIBzlI/AAAAAAAAAbc/B90o61LCN94/s320/mbou2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5520165835026583122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" align="CENTER"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" class="Apple-style-span" &gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;ovint recorrem a les etiquetes per encasellar les persones, les coneguem o no, i les comunitats humanes senceres a partir de percepcions o prejudicis. De vegades ho fem de manera injusta, sense haver fet un esforç per conèixer qui tenim davant o sense acceptar que un poble, o una nació, és quelcom més complex que qualsevol adjectiu que se li pugui atribuir. I el mateix podríem dir de les etiquetes que, en un excés de simplificació, han d’arrossegar les grans multinacionals, les confessions religioses o les elits polítiques. Però «penjar» etiquetes no sempre ha de tenir una connotació negativa, sobretot quan és resultat d’una anàlisi prèvia, rigorosa, actual i objectiva. Per llegir l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/8764"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;aquí&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2580128950871299846?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2580128950871299846/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2580128950871299846&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2580128950871299846'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2580128950871299846'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/09/sobre-les-etiquetes-i-la-divisio-del.html' title='Sobre les etiquetes i la divisió del món'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TJuRlHIBzlI/AAAAAAAAAbc/B90o61LCN94/s72-c/mbou2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2534998338751200864</id><published>2010-06-16T05:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T03:21:10.097-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Una mirada als conflictes d'avui</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TCmbS--OABI/AAAAAAAAAbI/74h6xmlpwAw/s1600/mbou1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 140px; height: 130px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TCmbS--OABI/AAAAAAAAAbI/74h6xmlpwAw/s320/mbou1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5488088371371573266" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;mb la caiguda del mur de Berlín i el col•lapse de la URSS s’obria un període ple d’optimisme. La democràcia liberal no només va guanyar la batalla ideològica al comunisme, sinó que s’erigia com l’únic model d’organització política i econòmica viable. Havíem arribat, en paraules de Francis Fukuyama, a la «fi de la història». Amb la URSS fora de circulació, s’anticipava que els països abraçarien la democràcia i que els conflictes regionals, fins aleshores lligats a les dinàmiques de la guerra freda, caurien en picat. Per consultar l'article complet cliqueu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/8349"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;aquí&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2534998338751200864?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2534998338751200864/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2534998338751200864&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2534998338751200864'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2534998338751200864'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/06/una-mirada-als-conflictes-davui.html' title='Una mirada als conflictes d&apos;avui'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/TCmbS--OABI/AAAAAAAAAbI/74h6xmlpwAw/s72-c/mbou1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-7123256795563751577</id><published>2010-03-27T03:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T03:22:03.183-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Governança'/><title type='text'>Governança, republicanisme i qualitat de la demcràcia: una proposta sobre com governar-nos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S63ZKBgK3HI/AAAAAAAAAa4/FoODSOvVWZc/s1600/engranatge.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 120px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S63ZKBgK3HI/AAAAAAAAAa4/FoODSOvVWZc/s320/engranatge.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453253490040822898" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;esprés de dos anys de debats, reflexions i comissions de treball en el marc de la Fundació Catdem, el passat 13 de març es va presentar a l'Auditori de Barcelona les conclusions sobre com Catalunya podria encarar el seu futur.  En una de les publicacions, la de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;La Catalunya en xarxa&lt;/span&gt;, hi ha un article meu que porta per títol "Governança, republicanisme i qualitat de la democràcia: una proposta sobre com governar-nos." (pàgs. 125-139). Per consultar el llibre complet en pdf cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.catdem.org/cat/downloads2/la-catalunya-en-xarxa.pdf"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-7123256795563751577?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/7123256795563751577/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=7123256795563751577&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7123256795563751577'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7123256795563751577'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/03/governanca-republicanisme-i-qualitat-de.html' title='Governança, republicanisme i qualitat de la demcràcia: una proposta sobre com governar-nos'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S63ZKBgK3HI/AAAAAAAAAa4/FoODSOvVWZc/s72-c/engranatge.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-5207974318409439987</id><published>2010-03-15T09:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-15T09:50:43.674-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Cuba: navegant entre la dissidència i la passivitat regional</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S55k1YaD4TI/AAAAAAAAAaw/JqKY8y5C8C8/s1600-h/mbouok1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 106px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S55k1YaD4TI/AAAAAAAAAaw/JqKY8y5C8C8/s320/mbouok1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5448903467412480306" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ls fonaments del castrisme s’han vist sacsejats per la mort, després  d’una vaga de fam de vuitanta-cinc dies, del dissident polític Orlando  Zapata. No era ni un líder opositor carismàtic ni una figura mediàtica,  però el fet d’immolar-se el converteix en un dels símbols de la  resistència al règim cubà. El sacrifici de Zapata ha posat de relleu,  per un costat, la pèssima situació dels drets humans a l’illa i, per  l’altra, la doble moral de la comunitat internacional. Per llegir l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/7794"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-5207974318409439987?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/5207974318409439987/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=5207974318409439987&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/5207974318409439987'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/5207974318409439987'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/03/cuba-navegant-entre-la-dissidencia-i-la.html' title='Cuba: navegant entre la dissidència i la passivitat regional'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S55k1YaD4TI/AAAAAAAAAaw/JqKY8y5C8C8/s72-c/mbouok1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1805280370917449209</id><published>2010-01-18T11:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-20T00:24:23.230-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>La Cimera de Copenhague i l’«eix bolivarià»</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S7snYvkyI/AAAAAAAAAag/c3wp4QFziIg/s1600-h/hugo-chavez.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 156px; height: 125px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S7snYvkyI/AAAAAAAAAag/c3wp4QFziIg/s320/hugo-chavez.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5428169826049692450" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;a Cimera sobre el Canvi Climàtic de Copenhaguen va acabar amb un polèmic acord i a contrarellotge. Algunes veus sostenen que l’acord és insuficient i poc ambiciós per la falta de compromisos concrets i pel seu caràcter no vinculant, mentre que altres asseguren que és un primer pas important, sobretot perquè és fruït de les negociacions directes entre els Estats Units i quatre dels països emergents més estratègics en la lluita contra el canvi climàtic, a saber, la Xina, la Índia, el Brasil i Sud-àfrica. Tot i que la immensa majoria de països, inclosos els europeus que aspiraven a liderar el procés, van assumir l’acord com un &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;fait accompli&lt;/span&gt;, cinc d’ells -Veneçuela, Cuba, Bolívia, Nicaragua i el Sudan- s’hi van oposar diametralment. Per consultar l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/7416"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1805280370917449209?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1805280370917449209/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1805280370917449209&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1805280370917449209'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1805280370917449209'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/01/la-cimera-de-copenhague-i-leix.html' title='La Cimera de Copenhague i l’«eix bolivarià»'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S7snYvkyI/AAAAAAAAAag/c3wp4QFziIg/s72-c/hugo-chavez.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8780740077826091908</id><published>2010-01-18T11:45:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-09-23T10:45:34.103-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Escalada de tensió a Amèrica Llatina</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S8PntgeMI/AAAAAAAAAao/Qf1mUeEJ8lA/s1600-h/alta+te.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 213px; height: 142px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S8PntgeMI/AAAAAAAAAao/Qf1mUeEJ8lA/s320/alta+te.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5428170427432204482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;es últimes setmanes han estat marcades per una creixent tensió a l’Amèrica Llatina. Per una banda, l’acord signat entre Colòmbia i els EUA, en què el primer permetria l’accés del segon a set de les seves bases militars, ha encès els ànims del president veneçolà, que ho ha interpretat com un estratagema, sobretot dels nord-americans, per derrocar-lo i apartar-lo del poder. Per l’altra, les dures acusacions d’espionatge que ha formulat el Perú en contra de Xile, després que els cossos de seguretat peruans detinguessin i acusessin un suboficial de la seva Força Aèria per passar, presumptament, documents classificats i desvelar secrets nacionals als serveis d’intel•ligència xilens. Per llegir l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/7248"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8780740077826091908?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8780740077826091908/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8780740077826091908&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8780740077826091908'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8780740077826091908'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2010/01/escalada-de-tensio-america-llatina.html' title='Escalada de tensió a Amèrica Llatina'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/S1S8PntgeMI/AAAAAAAAAao/Qf1mUeEJ8lA/s72-c/alta+te.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-4004623272462416599</id><published>2009-11-06T00:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T03:22:03.183-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Xile: l'excepció a la norma</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SvQKkpEgs4I/AAAAAAAAAaU/rokZdUxbKwk/s1600-h/chile.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 133px; height: 88px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SvQKkpEgs4I/AAAAAAAAAaU/rokZdUxbKwk/s320/chile.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5400953477740409730" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;es de la recuperació de la democràcia el 1990, la coalició de centreesquerra (Concertación) ha governat el país de manera ininterrompuda. Ara bé, les coses podrien canviar després de les eleccions presidencials del pròxim 13 de desembre. Algunes enquestes vaticinen que el candidat de la dreta, Sebastián Piñeira, s’imposaria al candidat de Concertación, el senador i expresident del país Eduardo Frei. Independentment de qui serà el guanyador i aprofitant la proximitat d’aquests comicis, és oportú, si més no interessant, fer un balanç de l’evolució del país. Per consultar l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/7003"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-4004623272462416599?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/4004623272462416599/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=4004623272462416599&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4004623272462416599'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4004623272462416599'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2009/11/xile-lexcepcio-la-norma.html' title='Xile: l&apos;excepció a la norma'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SvQKkpEgs4I/AAAAAAAAAaU/rokZdUxbKwk/s72-c/chile.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-7248516177707934985</id><published>2009-07-16T00:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-16T01:03:49.486-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Regressió democràtica i populisme: a propòsit d'Hondures</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Sl7WAP10P_I/AAAAAAAAAaM/vlzR2DyZLII/s1600-h/hondures.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 143px; height: 170px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Sl7WAP10P_I/AAAAAAAAAaM/vlzR2DyZLII/s320/hondures.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5358955906358067186" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;a comunitat internacional es va esglaiar en saber que el president d’Hondures, Manuel Zelaya, havia estat deposat per l’exèrcit i expulsat del país després de voler forçar una consulta popular que li permetés, al seu torn, modificar la constitució i optar per un segon mandat. Més enllà de la dubtosa legalitat d’aquesta iniciativa, la manera com s’ha produït el cessament i el posterior desterrament de Zelaya és, vagi per endavant, intolerable. Però que l’arbre no ens impedeixi veure el bosc. La crisi política d’Hondures mereix una reflexió més profunda i crítica i, sobretot, una mirada regional. Per llegir l'article sencer cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/6454"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-7248516177707934985?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/7248516177707934985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=7248516177707934985&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7248516177707934985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7248516177707934985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2009/07/regressio-democratica-i-populisme.html' title='Regressió democràtica i populisme: a propòsit d&apos;Hondures'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Sl7WAP10P_I/AAAAAAAAAaM/vlzR2DyZLII/s72-c/hondures.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2258373998514665357</id><published>2009-04-15T00:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-15T01:04:39.811-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Colòmbia: desafiaments pendents</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SeWR6kunInI/AAAAAAAAAZc/5iTHgWWMWas/s1600-h/paras.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 146px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SeWR6kunInI/AAAAAAAAAZc/5iTHgWWMWas/s320/paras.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324822569913098866" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;es del seu primer mandat, la principal prioritat d’Álvaro Uribe ha estat la seguretat nacional. Gràcies al suport militar dels EUA, en el marc del Pla Colòmbia, Uribe va iniciar una ofensiva sense precedents orientada a controlar tot el territori nacional, a derrotar definitivament la subversió de les Forces Armades Revolucionàries de Colòmbia (FARC) i de l’Exèrcit d’Alliberament Nacional (ELN) i a desarticular el paramilitarisme i, en especial, les Autodefenses Unides de Colòmbia (AUC). Tot i els avenços aconseguits i del discurs gairebé triomfalista del govern, el panorama és força més complex. Aquest és el tema del meu darrer article publicat al &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/butlleti/159"&gt;Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2258373998514665357?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2258373998514665357/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2258373998514665357&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2258373998514665357'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2258373998514665357'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2009/04/colombia-desafiaments-pendents.html' title='Colòmbia: desafiaments pendents'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SeWR6kunInI/AAAAAAAAAZc/5iTHgWWMWas/s72-c/paras.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3971727606104519936</id><published>2009-02-03T08:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-07T03:29:41.107-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Bolívia i la nova constitució</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SYh0Ny00gfI/AAAAAAAAAZU/bQ3iae6-njw/s1600-h/_45412080_090126_bolivia_203b2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 137px; height: 215px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SYh0Ny00gfI/AAAAAAAAAZU/bQ3iae6-njw/s320/_45412080_090126_bolivia_203b2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5298612741931827698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;olívia estrena constitució. El 61,5% dels votants han optat pel "sí".  No obstant això, els departaments de l'orient, coneguts amb el sobrenom de la Mitja Lluna, han votat majoritàriament pel "no". El resultat d'aquest referèndum confirma el &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;cleavage&lt;/span&gt; territorial entre l'orient i l'occident bolivià i obre la porta, molt probablement, a un nou periode d'inestabilitat política i, fins i tot, d'ingovernabilitat. Aquest és el tema del breu article que he escrit pel &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/5487"&gt;Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3971727606104519936?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3971727606104519936/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3971727606104519936&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3971727606104519936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3971727606104519936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2009/02/bolivia-i-la-nova-constitucio.html' title='Bolívia i la nova constitució'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SYh0Ny00gfI/AAAAAAAAAZU/bQ3iae6-njw/s72-c/_45412080_090126_bolivia_203b2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8272231181198948631</id><published>2008-11-28T03:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T00:31:02.194-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>2025: Some Trends</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SS_VE26sm4I/AAAAAAAAAYo/IeDR5CFUHgM/s1600-h/the_world_belongs_to_you.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 195px; height: 167px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SS_VE26sm4I/AAAAAAAAAYo/IeDR5CFUHgM/s320/the_world_belongs_to_you.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5273667968112040834" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; have been reading the latest report published by the National Intelligence Council and entitled "&lt;a href="http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf"&gt;Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World&lt;/a&gt;". It is definitely a very useful reading because it sheds light on how the international system will evolve probably in the coming 15-20 years. Here are some brief conclusions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;The world will be quite different by 2025 due to the rise of emerging powers, namely China, India, Russia and Brazil. As a result, the US will have less relative power and influence around the world than it has enjoyed for decades.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;China and India are restoring the positions they held two centuries ago when both nations produced around 45% of the world's wealth.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;China offers an alternative to the Western model of liberal democracy. China is being so successful that some counties would be willing to emulate its "pathway of development".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;There will be a shift of wealth, moving from West to East. In this race, both Latin America and Africa will be the "losers" and they will continue to lag behind their competitors.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;World population is projected to growth by about 1.2 billion between 2009 and 2025. Rapid urbanization is expected to growth as well. This may have serious consequences on resources. The need for access to stable supplies of water and energy and to arable lands will have increasing importance for a growing number of countries.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Europe will have less clout in 2025 due to its domestic challenges. The European Union may focus its attention on specific issues such as bolstering political stability and democratization in the Eastern Europe; accommodating non-European minority populations (basically Muslims), or handling skeptical positions toward the European project.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Russia may be in a very good position to be richer and more powerful. However, multiple constraints could limit this trend. Crime-related problems, rampant corruption, infrastructure bottlenecks or a non-diversified economy should be addressed immediately.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;There will be a multipolar system due to the growing number of nonstate actors. But multipolarity does not necessarily mean multilateralism. Reaching global agreements will be more and more difficult.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;And much more...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8272231181198948631?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8272231181198948631/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8272231181198948631&amp;isPopup=true' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8272231181198948631'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8272231181198948631'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/11/2025-world-according-to-national.html' title='2025: Some Trends'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SS_VE26sm4I/AAAAAAAAAYo/IeDR5CFUHgM/s72-c/the_world_belongs_to_you.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6784807655447348808</id><published>2008-10-29T00:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-20T03:29:27.848-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>La Xina a l'Àfrica: de safari o promovent el desenvolupament?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQgWEqmYCUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/0ipwjoWuiDI/s1600-h/china.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5262480433992960322" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 165px; height: 238px;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQgWEqmYCUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/0ipwjoWuiDI/s320/china.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;'acaba de publicar un article escrit per l'íñigo Macías-Aymar i jo mateix sobre el desembarcament de la Xina al continent africà. En aquest treball, d'unes vint planes, trobareu algunes de les claus que expliquen el creixent interés dels xinesos per un número gens menyspreable de països africans. I tot això sense deixar de banda les, no menys importants, implicacions socio-polítiques. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si voleu llegir aquest article, publicat a la Revista VIA del Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol (núm. 7), només cal que cliqueu &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/files/articles/MBou_i_IMacias-Aymar.pdf"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. Com sempre, qualsevol comentari serà benvingut.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6784807655447348808?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6784807655447348808/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6784807655447348808&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6784807655447348808'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6784807655447348808'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/10/la-xina-lfrica-de-safari-o-promovent-el.html' title='La Xina a l&apos;Àfrica: de safari o promovent el desenvolupament?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQgWEqmYCUI/AAAAAAAAAYg/0ipwjoWuiDI/s72-c/china.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-7862836010472976131</id><published>2008-10-24T01:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-09T08:46:55.555-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>España y las reglas del juego</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQGKAzPs5sI/AAAAAAAAAUE/dWJstQuqo7Q/s1600-h/ajedrez_modulo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5260637586106148546" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 213px; height: 175px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQGKAzPs5sI/AAAAAAAAAUE/dWJstQuqo7Q/s320/ajedrez_modulo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; lo largo de la historia, las comunidades políticas, fuesen o no democráticas, siempre se han dotado de unas reglas de juego con el objetivo de pautar las interacciones entre los individuos, indicándoles que les está permitido o prohibido y bajo qué condiciones. En las primeras organizaciones políticas, estas reglas eran informales pero socialmente compartidas a través de códigos de conducta, normas de comportamiento y otras convenciones no escritas. A medida que las sociedades crecían y los asuntos públicos ganaban en complejidad se tuvo la imperiosa necesidad de codificar las reglas mediante la aprobación, generalmente, de constituciones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una de las finalidades básicas de las cartas magnas consiste en delimitar y pautar el proceso que se deberá seguir para tomar las grandes decisiones políticas. Este aspecto no es baladí. Las constituciones constituyen la regla primaria por excelencia porque &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;deciden cómo decidir&lt;/span&gt;. De ahí que siempre debe haber un amplio acuerdo previo sobre cuáles serán los mecanismos encargados de gestionar la convivencia y dirimir las discrepancias en la esfera pública. La alternativa al no sometimiento de los distintos actores a estas reglas mínimas sería, inevitablemente, el estado de naturaleza &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;hobbesiano&lt;/span&gt; donde impera la arbitrariedad, la incertidumbre y el caos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ahora bien, para que la ley fundamental de un Estado sirva eficazmente a sus fines deber contar no sólo con su legitimidad de origen (eso es, del consenso en su elaboración) sino también, y más importante aún, con una alta dosis de legitimidad procedimental. Las constituciones deben ganarse, generación tras generación, el beneplácito y el apego del conjunto de la sociedad. Si las herramientas constitucionales no son capaces de ofrecer una respuesta satisfactoria a las nuevas demandas se corre el riesgo de que algunos de los jugadores de la arena política rompan la baraja. No cabe duda de que este extremo desencadenaría una crisis institucional de consecuencias imprevisibles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Constitución española de 1978 no pasa por sus mejores momentos. El órdago lanzado por el lehendakari Ibarretxe de convocar una consulta popular sobre el futuro del País Vasco ha servido para ejemplificar las limitaciones prácticas de nuestra norma suprema. Desde un punto de vista estrictamente democrático, lo reprobable no es –como algunos sostienen– la propuesta de Ibarretxe sino la inexistencia de canales legales para ejercer el derecho a la autodeterminación. Dicho en otras palabras, no se trata de debatir entre las bondades y las maldades de la unidad de España (o de la secesión de alguno de sus territorios) sino de sentar las bases legales para ejercer ese derecho de una manera clara e inequívoca. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Evidentemente, los dos principales partidos de ámbito estatal no tienen ningún incentivo en constitucionalizar el derecho a la autodeterminación. La Constitución les proporciona la cobertura legal para vedar el paso a toda iniciativa que pretenda modificar la organización territorial del Estado. En este juego iterativo los ganadores y los perdedores siempre son los mismos y el fenómeno conocido como la tiranía de la mayoría se impone una y otra vez. Aunque el PSOE y el PP se rasguen las vestiduras al escuchar alegatos soberanistas, les basta sólo con recurrir a la ley para justificar su oposición frontal, sin importarles demasiado si su posición es justa o no de acuerdo con criterios estrictamente liberales y democráticos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;En contra de la intuición de muchos, la existencia de una cláusula constitucional que reconozca el derecho a la autodeterminación es una prueba de fuego para todas las partes en contienda. Los partidarios de la unidad del Estado tendrían que recurrir a estrategias y discursos mucho menos beligerantes y más constructivos para ganarse la confianza de la minoría nacional; mientras que los partidarios de la secesión tendrían que demostrar si su victimismo goza de un respaldo popular mayoritario y sin paliativos en el seno de su comunidad. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Constitución española deberá pasar tarde o temprano su propia ITV. Sacralizarla y elevarla al nivel de categoría incuestionable supone dar la espalda a los actuales problemas políticos. No se trata de llevar a cabo cambios arbitrarios ni de favorecer a uno de los dos bandos aparentemente atrincherados. De lo que se trata, insisto, es que se acuerden de manera bilateral unas nuevas reglas del juego que permitan, en un plano de igualdad y de respeto mutuo, que todas las opciones puedan ser ganadoras en un futuro. Y esto debe ser así, al menos, por dos grandes razones. En primer lugar, porque las demandas secesionistas se producirán con o sin tales reglas y, en segundo lugar, porque si hoy tuviéramos que redactar una nueva constitución lo haríamos en unos términos muy distintos de los que prevalecieron durante la transición.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;La clase política española no puede instalarse para siempre en la &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;cultura del no&lt;/span&gt;, esperando que los anhelos secesionistas remitan hasta su extinción. Esto, probablemente, no pasará. Por tanto, es mejor contribuir en el diseño de un marco institucional que regule detalladamente el derecho a que las comunidades escriban, si así lo desean de forma incontestable, su propio futuro. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-7862836010472976131?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/7862836010472976131/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=7862836010472976131&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7862836010472976131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7862836010472976131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/10/espaa-y-las-reglas-del-juego.html' title='España y las reglas del juego'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SQGKAzPs5sI/AAAAAAAAAUE/dWJstQuqo7Q/s72-c/ajedrez_modulo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8741853542440586437</id><published>2008-09-23T08:04:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-23T08:17:01.282-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Les "dues Bolivies" i l'estabilitat regional</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SNkF1kUMcPI/AAAAAAAAAT8/dWYdwxmTxfM/s1600-h/MBou.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 153px; height: 207px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SNkF1kUMcPI/AAAAAAAAAT8/dWYdwxmTxfM/s320/MBou.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249233258516607218" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;olívia està passant per un dels moments més convulsos de la seva història recent. El govern pretén tirar endavant una nova constitució clarament esbiaixada i poc conciliadora, mentre l'oposició i, en especial, els departaments d'orient, intenten, per la via dels fets, assegurar-se quotes més altes d'autonomia així com gestionar una part més gran dels recursos generats en el seu territori (provinents del gas i dels cultius com la soja). Aquest és el tema que abordo en un article molt breu publicat en el &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/4698"&gt;Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8741853542440586437?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8741853542440586437/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8741853542440586437&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8741853542440586437'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8741853542440586437'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/09/les-dues-bolivies-i-lestabilitat.html' title='Les &quot;dues Bolivies&quot; i l&apos;estabilitat regional'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SNkF1kUMcPI/AAAAAAAAAT8/dWYdwxmTxfM/s72-c/MBou.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6984763394577661722</id><published>2008-09-03T03:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-15T23:58:14.246-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>¿Periodismo malintencionado?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SL5s7n89uMI/AAAAAAAAATc/lMy2GiazrsE/s1600-h/atasco.jpg"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241746787898603714" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 219px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 155px" height="188" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SL5s7n89uMI/AAAAAAAAATc/lMy2GiazrsE/s320/atasco.jpg" width="255" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;l pasado fin de semana nos desplazamos a la província de Palencia. Preciosa, por cierto. Dos muy buenos amigos se casaron felizmente. Al día siguiente, mientras desayunaba, eché un vistazo al periódico "El Mundo". En portada había un breve titular que decía algo así como: "La Generalitat diferencia a Cataluña de España con los muertos en carretera". En las páginas interiores se venía a criticar que los más de cien paneles luminosos de las carreteras catalanas sólo se hacían eco de la siniestralidad en esta comunidad autónoma, obviando los muertos del resto del Estado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pues bien, de camino al aeropuerto de Valladolid nos topamos con un panel luminoso que nos recordaba el número de víctimas de esta província, sin ninguna otra información adicional aparte de respetar los límites de velocidad. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este es sólo un ejemplo de como algunos medios tergiversan la realidad con un único fin: generar un estado de ánimo al lector de cierta antipatía hacia Cataluña, aunque sea de manera sutil. Me parece que sobran las palabras pero jamás llegaré a la conclusión de que los vallisoletanos/as sólo les importa sus fallecidos en carretera. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6984763394577661722?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6984763394577661722/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6984763394577661722&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6984763394577661722'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6984763394577661722'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/09/periodismo-malintencionado.html' title='¿Periodismo malintencionado?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SL5s7n89uMI/AAAAAAAAATc/lMy2GiazrsE/s72-c/atasco.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-7705699721750880505</id><published>2008-09-01T00:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-01T01:48:30.895-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Coses de la vida'/><title type='text'>Summer is over</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SLugFBYeORI/AAAAAAAAASY/HjlGr5g2_Po/s1600-h/Imagen_261.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5240958599506573586" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" height="172" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SLugFBYeORI/AAAAAAAAASY/HjlGr5g2_Po/s320/Imagen_261.jpg" width="269" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; am working again after being on vacation in the USA. Grand Canyon National Park was probably one of the best places I have ever visited. As usual, I attach one picture taken from the south rim. It's a beautiful shot, isn't it? By the way, if you go there one day do not forget to plan a hike. You'll find some interesting trials to go downhill to visit the inner Canyon. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Welcome home!!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-7705699721750880505?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/7705699721750880505/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=7705699721750880505&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7705699721750880505'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7705699721750880505'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/09/summer-is-over.html' title='Summer is over'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SLugFBYeORI/AAAAAAAAASY/HjlGr5g2_Po/s72-c/Imagen_261.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3862913118773248022</id><published>2008-08-01T04:11:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:55.757-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Coses de la vida'/><title type='text'>I see you soon</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SJLwIboNZsI/AAAAAAAAARw/8QdP9MjTjbo/s1600-h/29225241_3DSC_0928_2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229506144976594626" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" height="152" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SJLwIboNZsI/AAAAAAAAARw/8QdP9MjTjbo/s320/29225241_3DSC_0928_2.jpg" width="209" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;ear readers,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;August is knocking on my door! What are we going to do? Next Monday we set off for San Francisco. From here we have also planned to visit Yosemite National Park, Las Vegas and Gran Canyon. After that, we’ll spend the rest of the month at home, resting, reading and testing my new bike Cannondale. All of these things are vital to clear up my mind, because September could bring me a package full of professional challenges or, at least, this is what I want and wish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Thanks and stay in touch!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;PD: Us adjunto un &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/4535"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; interessant sobre com enfocar les vacances d'estiu. Salut&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3862913118773248022?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3862913118773248022/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3862913118773248022&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3862913118773248022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3862913118773248022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/08/i-see-you-soon.html' title='I see you soon'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SJLwIboNZsI/AAAAAAAAARw/8QdP9MjTjbo/s72-c/29225241_3DSC_0928_2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-670967988701135294</id><published>2008-07-16T03:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:56.147-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>A bit more on fiscal federalism in Spain</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SH3MeAJa1-I/AAAAAAAAANY/6fywejdpk_Y/s1600-h/euro2.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5223555958627293154" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 166px; HEIGHT: 118px" height="147" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SH3MeAJa1-I/AAAAAAAAANY/6fywejdpk_Y/s320/euro2.gif" width="166" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;he Spanish Government has just published official data about how public resources are being allocated between Autonomous Communities (click &lt;a href="http://documentacion.meh.es/doc/C18/C12/Varios/15-07-08%20Presentacion%20Balanzas%20Fiscales.pdf"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to download a brief summary). As we already knew, the richest regions (Madrid, Balearic Islands and Catalonia) are objectively contributing too much. Catalonia, for example, has a fiscal deficit estimated around 6-9% of its annual GDP. Taking this statement as my starting point, here are some quick considerations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;I will always be in favor of redistribute money for one region to another (in Spain, in the EU context or wherever!). Today for you, tomorrow for me!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;However, I will always be against keeping this system of transfers &lt;em&gt;ad infinitum&lt;/em&gt;, this is, solidarity is not for ever. If not, we run the risk of boosting "rentist strategies".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The current degree of solidarity is simply unsustainable. Fiscal imbalance in Spain is larger than in countries with more acute regional inequalities (like Germany).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;We must applaud this gesture for transparency but we should not forget that “transparency” is not an end in itself. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The information given by the Central Government will only be useful if it is used to revert the fiscal imbalances between regions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-670967988701135294?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/670967988701135294/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=670967988701135294&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/670967988701135294'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/670967988701135294'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/07/after-long-time-spanish-government.html' title='A bit more on fiscal federalism in Spain'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SH3MeAJa1-I/AAAAAAAAANY/6fywejdpk_Y/s72-c/euro2.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-440653760157145565</id><published>2008-06-13T03:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:56.493-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>L’État, les régions et la solidarité territoriale</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SFJSYySvM4I/AAAAAAAAALo/-xxcymyU-AA/s1600-h/9782843771453_lib_fiche.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5211318304591786882" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 108px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 151px" height="152" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SFJSYySvM4I/AAAAAAAAALo/-xxcymyU-AA/s320/9782843771453_lib_fiche.jpg" width="110" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;i everybody,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;After a long silence, here I 'm once again. To get to the point... some weeks ago, an article written by me and Òscar del Álamo was published. It's about a burning issue in Spain: Fiscal federalism and solidarity between Autonomous Communities. This has also been our first article in French and, of course, we are very proud of it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;If some of you want to have a look our brief article (Ch. 4; pages 101-107) or download all chapters just click &lt;a href="http://www.institut-gouvernance.org/spip.php?article426"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Send me an e-mail if you want to receive an extended version in Catalan with more in-depth explanations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-440653760157145565?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/440653760157145565/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=440653760157145565&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/440653760157145565'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/440653760157145565'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/06/fiscal-federalism-in-spain.html' title='L’État, les régions et la solidarité territoriale'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/SFJSYySvM4I/AAAAAAAAALo/-xxcymyU-AA/s72-c/9782843771453_lib_fiche.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3115445673028303835</id><published>2008-03-10T08:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:56.694-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>Spanish Elections: Trend Towards Bipartidism</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R9Wk4RY_NTI/AAAAAAAAAK4/G_vLz03cyNQ/s1600-h/12051018353760.jpg"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5176224633380091186" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; WIDTH: 176px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 128px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R9Wk4RY_NTI/AAAAAAAAAK4/G_vLz03cyNQ/s320/12051018353760.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;And the winner is... Rodríguez Zapatero&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(PSOE)! The current Spanish president has beaten the conservative candidate, Mariano Rajoy (PP). After a term full of bitter political confrontation, the center-left has gathered enough electoral support to rule Spain four more years. According to my point of view (and others), here are the most striking &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;headlines: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="COLOR: rgb(51,51,255)" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Spain is more and more a two party-system. PSOE and PP monopolize around 90% of 350 seats in the parliament.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;This bipartidism has been actively promoted by the mass media, focusing the campaign entirely on Zapatero and Rajoy (the rest of the world didn't exist!).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;As an indirect consequence, both parties have increased their percentage of votes and number of seats, at the expense of nationalist and regionalist parties that have lost an important share of voters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;These general elections have swept IU (the old comunist party) to its virtual extinction, getting just two seats. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Are these statements positive for&lt;/span&gt; our&lt;/span&gt; still young democracy? I would say "no". This bipartidism doesn't mirror the internal diversity of Spain and PSOE can be tempted to lead the country ignoring specific regional demands (even without having absolute majority). Nobody knows what will happen but I guess there will be a growing tension between autonomous communities (AC) because a number of critical challenges remain on the table (demands to rewrite the fiscal system between AC, the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia waiting for its constitutional test, etc.). And all of these in a context of coming recession and unemployment. &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Mucha suerte Sr. Presidente&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3115445673028303835?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3115445673028303835/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3115445673028303835&amp;isPopup=true' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3115445673028303835'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3115445673028303835'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/03/spanish-elections-bipartidism-and.html' title='Spanish Elections: Trend Towards Bipartidism'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R9Wk4RY_NTI/AAAAAAAAAK4/G_vLz03cyNQ/s72-c/12051018353760.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-4137716676241396002</id><published>2008-02-04T13:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:56.997-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>Finançament i Esglèsia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R6jczQ9--6I/AAAAAAAAAKo/g3PEDc_PZ0U/s1600-h/070622_obispos_3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 180px; height: 146px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R6jczQ9--6I/AAAAAAAAAKo/g3PEDc_PZ0U/s320/070622_obispos_3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5163619746066660258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;E&lt;/span&gt;n aquests últims dies hem escoltat, per desgràcia de molts, com la Conferència Episcopal Espanyola es posicionava clarament a favor del Partit Popular i en contra del govern de Rodríguez Zapatero. Bé, en contra del president Zapatero i de tots aquells que defensem un Estat laic i no només aconfessional (i ho subscriu un creient convençut). De fet, ha estat una mostra més de la descarada ingerència en els assumptes públics de la principal entitat oficial de l'Esglèsia Catòlica a Espanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Permeteu-me, però, que focalitzi la meva atenció en un altra punt. L'arquebisbe de Barcelona, Lluís Martínez Sistach, afirma, sense por a equivocar-se (això sembla), que l'Esglèsia no rep absolutament res de l'Estat i que no tenen cap mena de privilegis (&lt;a href="http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080205/53433396259.html"&gt;La Vanguardia&lt;/a&gt;). Doncs va errat o, pitjor encara, diu veritats a mitges (serà pecat?). Des de finals dels anys 70, l'Esglèsia ha rebut transferències directes de l'Estat, encara que aquest model s'ha vist desplaçat - no sense dilacions injustificades - per les assignacions tributàries (la famosa casella de la declaració de renda que marca el contribuent). Les preguntes què s'han de formular són: què pasaria si l'Administració decidís esborrar aquesta possibilitat de la declaració de renda?, és a dir, l'Esglèsia continuaria percebent el mateix volum de recursos? Molt probablement no. Per si això fos poc, com pot dir l'arquebisbe de Barcelona que no rep un tracte de favor de l'Estat quan aquest ha decidit augmentar el percentatge de l'assignació del 0,4% al 0,7% de l'IRPF?, Quina obligació tenia el govern Zapatero?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A més, i cal denunciar-ho, l'Esglèsia gaudeix de privilegis o, si es vol dir en unes altres paraules, d'una enorme quantitat de prerrogatives i ajudes indirectes fruit de l'acord sobre assumptes econòmics entre la Santa Seu i l'Estat espanyol, inacceptables avui dia. És que l'absència de pagament no és una forma d'ingrès? Diguem-ho clar, estar exempt de l'IBI o de l'impost sobre transmissions patrimonials, per posar només dos exemples, no és una concessió discrecional? Mireu, mireu què diu l'article IV d'aquest &lt;a href="http://www.concordato.org/asuntoseconomicos.php"&gt;acord&lt;/a&gt;. Potser s'ha fet una interpretació massa generosa de l'article 16.3 de la Constitució que reconeix les "relacions de cooperació" entre l'Estat i les confessions religioses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Conferència Episcopal no només ha de reconèixer que sense els poders públics l'Esglèsia és un projecte organitzatiu inviable, sinó que ha d'afrontar, d'una vegada per totes, el repte de com autofinançar la seva estructura. Aquesta és una responsabilitat que els correspon només a ells. I no voldria acabar aquesta reflexió negant la gran tasca social que realitza l'Esglèsia de base, aquella que poc té a veure, per sort, amb l'alta jerarquia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-4137716676241396002?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/4137716676241396002/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=4137716676241396002&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4137716676241396002'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4137716676241396002'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/02/bisbes-finanament-i-reforma.html' title='Finançament i Esglèsia'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R6jczQ9--6I/AAAAAAAAAKo/g3PEDc_PZ0U/s72-c/070622_obispos_3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1448981577438102998</id><published>2008-01-23T14:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:57.249-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>Sobre els discursos polítics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R5fGuQ9--5I/AAAAAAAAAKg/uxu_bg-cmYM/s1600-h/Jordi%2BPujol.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 163px; height: 218px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R5fGuQ9--5I/AAAAAAAAAKg/uxu_bg-cmYM/s320/Jordi%2BPujol.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5158810396307422098" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;a uns dies vaig assistir a un acte de l'ex-president Jordi Pujol. És ben sabut que les seves reflexions no deixen indiferent a ningú. I aquest cop no va ser una excepció. Pujol va dir coses realment interessants sense perdre, això sí, el seu bon sentit de l'humor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pujol explicava que durant la seva presidència va rebre dures crítiques pel model de país que defensava i per les polítiques que duia a terme. Em va donar la sensació que a l'ex-president no li molestava especialment aquestes crítiques. Les assumia amb certa esportivitat per raó del seu càrrec. No obstant això, sí que lamentava que no se l'hagués jutjat en algunes ocasions amb equanimitat quan altres dirigents europeus (alguns autodenominats d'esquerres) compartien, en el fons, els mateixos postulats politicoideològics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Avui he rebut la newsletter del &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Institute for Public Policy Research &lt;/span&gt;i m'he baixat (i llegit) el resum executiu d'una de les darreres publicacions amb el títol "&lt;a href="http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=568"&gt;The Power of Belonging: Identity, citizenship and community cohesion&lt;/a&gt;". En aquest resum s'aposta per la vigència de les polítiques multiculturals a la Gran Bretanya però incidint, al mateix temps, en la  imperiosa necessitat de millorar la cohesió social i els nivells de capital social. El que és sorprenent (o potser no tant) és com els autors  vinculen la consecució d'aquest salidaritat social amb la promoció d'una identitat cívica i susceptible de ser compartida. És a dir, una societat cohesionada, afirmen, no només s'aconsegueix amb polítiques redistributives sinó també a través de la vessant emocional i de pertinença.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em quedo més tranquil pensant que l'ex-president Pujol defensava aquesta visió anys enrera, a més de plasmar-les en obres seves com "La immigració, problema i esperança de Catalunya" (Barcelona: Ed. Nova Terra, núm. 10). Ja va sent hora, em sembla, de que abandonem la mala costum de catalogar a les persones entre nacionalistes i progressistes. I potser anem pel bon camí quan, recentment, el Conseller d'Educació, Ernest Maragall, va afirmar, en resposta a Mariano Rajoy, que els seus atacs sobre la política lingüística de la Generalitat atemptaven contra la unitat (i, per tant, cohesió) del poble de Catalunya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1448981577438102998?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1448981577438102998/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1448981577438102998&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1448981577438102998'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1448981577438102998'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/01/sobre-els-discursos-poltics.html' title='Sobre els discursos polítics'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R5fGuQ9--5I/AAAAAAAAAKg/uxu_bg-cmYM/s72-c/Jordi%2BPujol.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6936159890903791779</id><published>2008-01-09T14:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:57.428-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Coses de la vida'/><title type='text'>Sarkozy and his love affair</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4VNsU6zvtI/AAAAAAAAAKY/3bmwOcGj0do/s1600-h/SARKOZY.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4VNsU6zvtI/AAAAAAAAAKY/3bmwOcGj0do/s320/SARKOZY.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5153610772520353490" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;W&lt;/span&gt;e have recently seen Mr. Sarkozy both in Egypt and Jordan with his new fiancée, Carla Bruni. Sarkozy seems really happy and proud as a peacock. Months ago, he enjoyed a high popularity not only in France but also beyond its borders. Today, according to some polls, is slightly different. We are witnessing a big swing in the public opinion: Today, his popularity among the French is at a point below 50%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many people think (rightly) that he has spent too much time showing off his private life. Until now, Sarkozy has been unable to face the main problems of his country (strikes, promises not fulfilled and many more). From my point of view, the only thing true is that the French President has missed out (or wasted) his honeymoon with his people. The question is: Will Carla Bruni be next to Sarkozy in the future? We will see...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6936159890903791779?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6936159890903791779/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6936159890903791779&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6936159890903791779'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6936159890903791779'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/01/sarkozy-and-his-love-affair.html' title='Sarkozy and his love affair'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4VNsU6zvtI/AAAAAAAAAKY/3bmwOcGj0do/s72-c/SARKOZY.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8481631782417295432</id><published>2008-01-09T13:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:57.626-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>L'eix Teheran-Caracas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4U5UU6zvsI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/ti8su4hMIcM/s1600-h/chavez+y+mahmoud.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 171px; height: 171px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4U5UU6zvsI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/ti8su4hMIcM/s320/chavez+y+mahmoud.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5153588369970937538" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;D&lt;/span&gt;urant els mesos d'estiu em vaig dedicar a indagar una mica més sobre l'enfortiment dels vincles entre el president veneçolà, Hugo Chávez, i el seu homòleg iranià, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Van ser unes setmanes de lectura a fons d'informes, articles de premsa internacional i algun llibre especialitzat (com el que us comentava en l'anterior post).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El resultat d'aquest treball el trobareu clicant &lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/files/articles/MBou.pdf"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. És un article d'unes 20 planes amb un triple objectiu. En primer lloc, descriure molt breument en què consisteix aquesta "aliança estratègica bilateral" (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;joint ventures&lt;/span&gt;, suport polític mútu, etc.). En segon lloc, intento veure com es combina l'existència de recursos naturals abundants i les polítiques populistes amb la promoció dels valors democràtics en cadascún d'aquests països. Per últim, analitzo quines repercussions podria tenir aquest agermanament a nivell internacional i, en concret, si podria suposar una amenaça real per a l'hegemonia dels Estats Units.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Espero que l'article sigui d'utilitat per a totes aquelles persones interessades per les relacions i la política internacionals. Evidentment, en aquest mateix espai podeu afegir tots els comentaris i observacions crítiques que creieu oportunes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8481631782417295432?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8481631782417295432/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8481631782417295432&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8481631782417295432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8481631782417295432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2008/01/leix-teheran-caracas.html' title='L&apos;eix Teheran-Caracas'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R4U5UU6zvsI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/ti8su4hMIcM/s72-c/chavez+y+mahmoud.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6264847001414258068</id><published>2007-12-21T09:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:57.791-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>A reading for Christmas holiday</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R2v-h06zvrI/AAAAAAAAAKI/QM4vccRjHJw/s1600-h/large.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R2v-h06zvrI/AAAAAAAAAKI/QM4vccRjHJw/s320/large.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146486856295366322" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hávez, the current president of Venezuela, is well known both for his inflamatory discourses and for his controversial role in international relations. But, what do we know about Chávez? What explains his behaviour? What kind of vested interests are behind him? The book written by Nikolas Kozloff and entitled &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Hugo-Chavez-Politics-Challenge-U-S/dp/1403984093/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1198259679&amp;amp;sr=1-1"&gt;Hugo Chávez. Oil, Politics and the Challenge to the U.S.&lt;/a&gt; tries to answer these and many other questions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kozloff analyzes Chávez' background and his long political career. The author stresses why Venezuela is considered as a key country for U.S. interests. Here, the reader will be able to see how oil is used by Chávez as a geopolitical weapon. In addition, Venezuelan foreign policy is analyzed in detail (eg. how indigenous movements in the Andean region are backed by Chávez, the Chávez-Morales axis, and so on). Kozloff also focuses his attention on domestic affairs. Different problems of internal cohesion are underlined, describing the main social cleavages fueled by high levels of poverty and inequality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chávez is probably the most important political phenomenon of our time. There is no doubt he is a key actor in the global political arena. At the same time, however, Venezuela is at the crossroads living its own critical conjuncture. In this sense, I strongly recommend the book as an excellent work to comprehend why.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I wish you a Merry Christmas and a happy and prosperous new year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6264847001414258068?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6264847001414258068/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6264847001414258068&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6264847001414258068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6264847001414258068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/12/reading-for-this-christmas-holiday.html' title='A reading for Christmas holiday'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R2v-h06zvrI/AAAAAAAAAKI/QM4vccRjHJw/s72-c/large.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-721749727325263956</id><published>2007-12-03T03:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:58.095-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>Alguna cosa està passant...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R1PnJNgReCI/AAAAAAAAAJw/o3Ng3lnlU1k/s1600-R/20071201elpepunac_32.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5139705745189730338" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 200px; height: 164px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R1PnJNgReCI/AAAAAAAAAJw/oNc2kmwUWvo/s320/20071201elpepunac_32.jpg" border="0" height="176" width="222" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Aquest cap de setmana he tingut com una mena de revelació. Sense entrar en disquisicions, avui veig més clar que la independència de Catalunya pot ser una realitat a mig-llarg termini. Tres fets:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Dissabte al matí. Anem a l'Ikea i comprem un moble. Per curiositat, miro on s'ha fabricat. Resposta: Made in Bosnia-Herzegovina!! Qui ho havia de dir fa només 10 anys!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Dissabte a la tarda. Vaig a la manifestació convocada per la Plataforma pel Dret a Decidir. Observo milers de persones de totes les edats reclamant respecte i un tracte just per Catalunya. L'independentisme pragmàtic i transversal s'està impossant. L'independentisme ha deixat de ser únicament una qüestió lingüística i cultural. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Diumenge al matí llegeixo un article de l'últim número del &lt;em&gt;The Economist&lt;/em&gt; sobre la probable independència de Kosovo. Casi de passada, es diu que alguns a Europa es pregunten si és bona idea concedir la independència a Kosovo. Es tem que hi hagi un precedent i que, explicitament, Catalunya pugui seguir amb l'exemple. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Més enllà del que pugui pensar a títol individual, alguna cosa està passant a dins i fora de casa nostra. I qui no ho vulgui veure està cec.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-721749727325263956?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/721749727325263956/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=721749727325263956&amp;isPopup=true' title='9 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/721749727325263956'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/721749727325263956'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/12/alguna-cosa-est-passant.html' title='Alguna cosa està passant...'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/R1PnJNgReCI/AAAAAAAAAJw/oNc2kmwUWvo/s72-c/20071201elpepunac_32.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2562763909143758061</id><published>2007-11-09T00:44:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:58.420-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Is Socialism dead or alive?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RzQefZcfX0I/AAAAAAAAAJg/G9CGEQcD1E8/s1600-h/hugo-chavez.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5130759400236998466" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 185px; height: 149px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RzQefZcfX0I/AAAAAAAAAJg/G9CGEQcD1E8/s320/hugo-chavez.jpg" border="0" height="199" width="223" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Last week I read an interesting article about the education system in Venezuela. This article was published by the weekly magazine “The Economist”. The president of this Andean country, Hugo Chávez, is going to launch a new education plan seen by the opposition and his critics as illiberal and biased ideologically. It would be very interesting, I think, to discuss and analyze a little bit why that legislative initiative is so controversial. Hugo Chávez has ruled Venezuela since 1999. During this time, Chávez has enacted deep structural reforms to turn Venezuela into a Socialist country following the Cuban model. Thanks to the oil industry and its windfall benefits (due to high prices in the international markets), he has been able to increase public expenditure in return for political loyalty. In a country where almost one out of two people are poor, populist policies are more than welcome. As a consequence, it is not strange that his popularity and citizen support are widespread.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To achieve what he calls “21st-century Socialism”, Chávez has nationalized private enterprises and particularly the telecommunications and electricity industries. In addition, he has exerted tight control over the mass media, eroding democratic principles like freedom of speech. But Chávez knows that any long-term political project is not feasible without popular acquiescence. Chávez is aware that to get this “social complicity” is fundamental to indoctrinate the younger generations. In other words, education is perceived by the current political elite as a key tool to make the revolution irreversible. The question we have to ask ourselves is if such measures will benefit the ordinary person. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The draft unconditionally assumes Marxist values and criticizes “neoliberal” thinking. In doing so, Chávez does not want to create an open-minded citizen with his/her own views. Instead, he wants a citizen unable to dissent and subject to his will. I strongly believe that it is not the best way to bring children up and prepare them more tolerant and less intransigent with regard other political options. I don’t know what will happen in the years to come but I guess there will be conflicts and tensions with policies like I’ve briefly described. In any case, what seems clear is that Socialism is not dead at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2562763909143758061?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2562763909143758061/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2562763909143758061&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2562763909143758061'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2562763909143758061'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/11/is-socialism-dead-or-alive.html' title='Is Socialism dead or alive?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RzQefZcfX0I/AAAAAAAAAJg/G9CGEQcD1E8/s72-c/hugo-chavez.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-5882423511505654888</id><published>2007-09-25T08:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:58.581-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Bush, Zapatero...i Ahmadinejad</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvoMHII_cXI/AAAAAAAAAJY/8HiCHmo2LkE/s1600-h/106192.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5114413643416433010" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 239px; height: 158px;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvoMHII_cXI/AAAAAAAAAJY/8HiCHmo2LkE/s320/106192.jpg" border="0" height="182" width="282" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Estic llegint en diferents mitjans de comunicació que la trobada entre George W. Bush i Rodríguez Zapatero ha estat freda encara que correcte. En paraules del diari El País: "El encuentro entre ambos ha sido distante pero cordial". No he dubtat en descarregar-me el vídeo per veure l'encaixada de mans entre els dos mandataris i saber com ha anat la cosa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Després de veure el vídeo uns tres o quatre cops arribo a la següent conclusió: la distància que mantenen Bush i Zapatero i, per tant, la fredor entre ells, no és pels seus punts de vista contraposats en política internacional (al menys en aquest moment) sinó per la incapacitat a l'hora de comunicar-se, sobretot per part del president espanyol. Bush ha tingut el detall de dirigir-se a Zapatero en castellà dient-li: "Hola, ¿cómo está?, per afegir tot seguit en anglès el "Good to see you again". El mandatari espanyol només ha pogut dir-li "Muchas gracias", res més. Desconec les claus del llenguatge no verbal però posaria la mà al foc que Zapatero s'ha vist desbordat com a conseqüència de la seva incapacitat per a pronunciar algunes paraules en anglès. No el critico per això. Zapatero és, probablement, una víctima més de la inexistent política lingüística (de llengües estrangeres s'entèn) que durant tants anys ha predominat a l'Estat espanyol. Crec que convé fer aquesta reflexió. Encara diran que el fet de que no s'hagin creuat més paraules respon a les diferències insalvables que els separen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Per últim, el president iranià, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, ha fet unes declaracions a la Universitat de Columbia per llogar-hi cadires... De les bestieses que ha dit la més sonada ha estat, en la meva opinió, quan ha afirmat que en el seu país no tenen homosexuals com en els Estats Units. Una mentida tenint en compte que la homosexualitat és un delicte greu en el país persa castigat sovint amb la pena capital.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-5882423511505654888?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/5882423511505654888/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=5882423511505654888&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/5882423511505654888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/5882423511505654888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/09/bush-zapateroi-ahmadinejad.html' title='Bush, Zapatero...i Ahmadinejad'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvoMHII_cXI/AAAAAAAAAJY/8HiCHmo2LkE/s72-c/106192.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8602435894500704648</id><published>2007-09-18T14:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:58.788-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Coses de la vida'/><title type='text'>Mossos i Ventdelplà</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvBIhBxSZDI/AAAAAAAAAJI/42azfFwyHr4/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 141px; height: 106px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvBIhBxSZDI/AAAAAAAAAJI/42azfFwyHr4/s320/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5111665309313557554" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;M'agrada la televisió, m'agraden les sèries i m'agraden els &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;realities&lt;/span&gt;. No ho negaré pas. I és que no sóc d'aquells que blasfemen contra la que alguns qualifiquen com la "caixa tonta". Fins i tot de Gran Hermano se'n poden aprendre coses, sobretot el què no cal fer, dir o aparentar. I mirar com condueix el programa la Mercedes Milà no està renyit gens ni mica amb llegir l'últim número del &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Economist&lt;/span&gt; o un bon paper sobre com enfortir les institucions polítiques d'un país.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encara que no sigui un fidel seguidor, m'he enganxat i m'enganxo fàcilment a més d'una sèrie: Herois, Mentes criminales, CSI, Embrujadas o Xena en el seu dia (quins esmorzars de cap de setmana!!!!), Perdidos i, com no, també de Ventdelplà. Precisament, voldria dedicar unes línies a l'episodi de fa uns minuts....resulta que el "dolent" de la temporada és el Mosso d'Esquadra, el pobre Genís (Eduard Farelo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parlem seriosament. Després del linxament que ha hagut de passar aquest cos policial fa tot just un parell o tres de mesos, els guionistes no dubten a convertit un agent de la policia catalana en un psicòpata perillós. Quina gran idea!!! I em pregunto si no hagués estat més fàcil situar en l'ull de l'huracà en Paco o la Nicole!!! Ja veieu, els Mossos reben no només en la realitat sinó també en la ficció.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8602435894500704648?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8602435894500704648/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8602435894500704648&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8602435894500704648'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8602435894500704648'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/09/mossos-i-ventdelpl.html' title='Mossos i Ventdelplà'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RvBIhBxSZDI/AAAAAAAAAJI/42azfFwyHr4/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8720184198279868726</id><published>2007-09-14T11:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:58.942-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Photos'/><title type='text'>Back to Bcn!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RurNChxSZCI/AAAAAAAAAJA/g_tbFCYMf1M/s1600-h/IMG_0277.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 232px; height: 187px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RurNChxSZCI/AAAAAAAAAJA/g_tbFCYMf1M/s320/IMG_0277.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5110122170513777698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hi again! After a long vacation it is time to come back to my work. I've been missing for weeks. My apologies. I'm aware I should have updated my blog but I had to write an article and pass two exams of law. I promise I'll do it as soon as I can.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What about my summer? In August we went to the US again but this time we visited Chicago, Boston and Cape Cod. I attach a photo from Chicago (Millennium Park). It's a great city and to my surprise really clean. I definitely recommend it!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8720184198279868726?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8720184198279868726/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8720184198279868726&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8720184198279868726'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8720184198279868726'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/09/back-to-bcn.html' title='Back to Bcn!'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RurNChxSZCI/AAAAAAAAAJA/g_tbFCYMf1M/s72-c/IMG_0277.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-699384523445231725</id><published>2007-06-24T05:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:59.257-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Goodbye Blair!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5079602841455663522" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 231px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 144px" height="164" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rn5f3xUHmaI/AAAAAAAAAIc/7g5_3AhghhY/s320/2207EB1.jpg" width="279" border="0" /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F&lt;/strong&gt;ew weeks ago, the former british prime minister, Tony Blair, wrote an interesting article in &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9257593"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;. Blair summarizes what he has learned in the last decade. He underlines some questions that we should take into account if we want to face properly the new world challenges. Here I would like to stress some lessons pointed out by him: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;As he says "The line between 'foreign' and 'domestic' policy is being blurred". Climatic change, mass migration or terrorism are common problems and, more than ever, they ought to be manage both locally and globally. The most suitable word is "interdependece".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In this global scenario, it is essential to be a "player" and not a merely "spectator". The most important decisions are made in different international fora and organizations. This also means to intervene in failed states or in non-democratic regimes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Promoting values like freedom, democracy or rule of law is a key issue to gain influence around the world. "International politics should not be simply a game of interests but also of beliefs, things we stand for and fight for". This can be a useful tool to confront the global terrorism and extremist ideologies. He also adds the following: "We will not succeed by military or security means". These statements remind me the idea of &lt;a href="http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/03/soft-power-america-and-something-else_27.html"&gt;soft power&lt;/a&gt; coined by Joseph Nye. Another question is to know if those values are universal or not... Blair says "yes".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Europe and America should strenghten the transatlantic alliance. The rise of China, India and also Russia (after its collapse in the early nineties) forces the European Union and United States to cooperate and to share strategies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Obviously, as Blair asserts, all these issues do not mean to forget the real problems at home. Everything has to be balanced. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In spite of these lessons, many people could think that when he was in office there were an enormous gap between what he says now and what he did. But who knows today how history will judge him.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-699384523445231725?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/699384523445231725/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=699384523445231725&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/699384523445231725'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/699384523445231725'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/06/goodbye-blair.html' title='Goodbye Blair!'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rn5f3xUHmaI/AAAAAAAAAIc/7g5_3AhghhY/s72-c/2207EB1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8279093774379118897</id><published>2007-06-19T04:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:59.436-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Palestina i la promoció de la democràcia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rne8MhUHmZI/AAAAAAAAAIU/GDMcY-T3u9k/s1600-h/gaza_hamas_demonstration.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5077734028170729874" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; WIDTH: 190px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 146px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rne8MhUHmZI/AAAAAAAAAIU/GDMcY-T3u9k/s320/gaza_hamas_demonstration.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;alestina es troba immersa en una profunda crisi de conseqüències devastadores. La situació és pràcticament de guerra civil entre les dues grans faccions: la secular, encapçalada per Al-Fatah, i la islamista radical, liderada per Hamas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;En els darrers anys, estàvem acostumats a la tensió, sempre permanent, entre Palestina i la seva veïna Israel i dels reiterats, però infructuosos, intents de pau. Però des de la victòria de Hamas en les eleccions de l'any passat, el focus d'atenció s'ha traslladat a nivell domèstic. El fet que Hamas hagi guanyat protagonisme polític a través d'uns comicis democràtics obliga a Occident a reflexionar sobre la seva creuada per instaurar la democràcia a l'Orient Mitjà.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Avui, molts es donen compte de que la democràcia, &lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;per se&lt;/span&gt;, comporta també conseqüències no intencionades i, sovint, no desitjades. Gràcies a unes eleccions lliures, el radicalisme islàmic de Hamas va poder accedir al poder per la porta gran. No hi ha dubte, doncs, de que Hamas gaudeix de la necessària legitimitat democràtica (un 44% dels palestins va apostar per aquesta formació). De fet, el cas palestí té certs paral·lelismes amb, per exemple, Egipte a on els Germans Musulmans, tot i la legislació draconiana vigent, ha augmentat considerablement la seva base social i política.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;És preocupant, doncs, el suport gairebé incondicional d’Eruopa i dels Estats Units a l’actual president, Mahmud Abbas, donant l’esquena a l’altra part de la història. D'aquesta manera no se solucionen els problemes. Com es vol promoure la democràcia i defensar els seus principis quan no s’accepten els seus resultats? Ara també recordo el cas d’Algèria a principis dels noranta i que va desencadenar una guerra civil amb més de 150.000 morts. Algú dirà que hi ha uns límits i unes regles mínimes que tothom ha de respectar si vol participar en democràcia. Però qui determina aquests paràmetres? I, pitjor encara, qui els interpreta? Sense respondre a aquestes últimes preguntes, l'escenari que he descrit em porta a fer la següent reflexió:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Abans d’instaurar una democràcia formal convé crear les condicions òptimes per a fer-la sostenible a mitjà i llarg termini. En primer lloc, s’ha de proveir a la població d’unes condicions mínimes de vida que contribueixi al seu propi desenvolupament personal (en especial, educació i sanitat). Òbviament, es necessita d’una economia saludable que només serà possible si es dóna l’existència d’un Estat de Dret que garanteixi i respecti els drets de propietat, el lliure mercat, els contractes entre particulars i que, a més, lluiti contra els casos de corrupció i de captura de rendes. Per a fer-ho, no es requereix, necessàriament, una democràcia. El cas xinès, tot i les seves imperfeccions i contradiccions internes, és una bona prova d’això (recordeu que ara les autoritats xineses estan perseguint els episodis d'esclavitud laboral i ja, des de fa temps, els casos de corrupció). La seqüència de les reformes institucionals, és a dir, l’ordre en que es succeeixen, importa, i molt, si volem promoure la democràcia al món.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Precisament, a ningú se li escapa que l'emergència de Hamas en l'arena sociopolítica palestina fou possible, entre altres raons (com l'històric contenciós amb Israel), pels reiterats episodis de corrupció d'Al-Fatah en un context, això sí, d'aïllament i bloqueig i de necessitats socials bàsiques. Sense Estat de Dret la garantia de supervivència d’una democràcia és nul·la. Palestina té democràcia (formal) però no Estat de Dret. Conclusió: Palestina és un proto-Estat (democràtic) fallit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La obsessió per a universalitzar la democràcia ens fa oblidar, en masses ocasions, els procediments a seguir per assolir aquest objectiu. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8279093774379118897?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8279093774379118897/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8279093774379118897&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8279093774379118897'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8279093774379118897'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/06/palestina-i-la-seqncia-de-les-reformes.html' title='Palestina i la promoció de la democràcia'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rne8MhUHmZI/AAAAAAAAAIU/GDMcY-T3u9k/s72-c/gaza_hamas_demonstration.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6992538705419640973</id><published>2007-06-12T15:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-07-04T03:05:27.480-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>Funcionaris als 16 anys?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;erà que tinc exàmens de dret a finals de mes que no estic inspirat per escriure les meves reflexions... al menys per ara. El costat positiu és que sempre hi ha persones amb les ganes de redactar algunes notes sobre l'actualitat. Així que avui recomano la lectura d'un article molt breu d'en Rafael Hinojosa publicat en el darrer butlletí del Centre d'Estudis Jordi Pujol. L'article es titula "&lt;a href="http://www.jordipujol.cat/ca/cejp/articles/2240"&gt;Funcionaris als 16 anys?&lt;/a&gt;" i, la veritat, no és pot dir més en tant poques paraules. No obstant això, estic convençut que hi deu haver arguments a favor d'aquesta mesura. En els pròxims dies em proposo buscar més informació sobre aquest tema... si algú té més dades &lt;em&gt;please let me know&lt;/em&gt;!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6992538705419640973?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6992538705419640973/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6992538705419640973&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6992538705419640973'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6992538705419640973'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/06/funcionari-als-16-anys.html' title='Funcionaris als 16 anys?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6781323134022069029</id><published>2007-05-29T04:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:43:59.947-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mass Media'/><title type='text'>Chávez, Wolfowitz and the Media</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rl3lfehoDmI/AAAAAAAAAIE/WCX1W0IG_MU/s1600-h/image1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5070461084421852770" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 111px; height: 111px;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rl3lfehoDmI/AAAAAAAAAIE/WCX1W0IG_MU/s320/image1.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; H&lt;/span&gt;ugo Chávez has gone too far. This populist President has closed one of the most famous TV channels not only in Venezuela but also in Latin America. As you know, I'm referring to Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV) that it has been broadcasting for more than fifty years. RCTV has repeatedly been accused of trying to destabilize the current government. What is more, Chávez has stated that RCTV has became a real threat to the country. I think there is no doubt that this decision should be regarded as arbitrary, abusive and fully undemocratic. Day after day, Chávez exerts an asphyxiating pressure over the opposition media eroding the rule of law and the principles of any democracy. By the way, a second TV network, Globovision, would be the next target of Chávez. I would like to know now what is the opinion of those who voted him last presidential elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rl3lV-hoDlI/AAAAAAAAAH8/9vKtKg1b130/s1600-h/image.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5070460921213095506" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rl3lV-hoDlI/AAAAAAAAAH8/9vKtKg1b130/s320/image.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;ut there is also good news. After weeks of uncertainty, the outgoing President of the World Bank, Paul Wolfowitz, has been forced to resign. His departure, that will be effective in june, has been possible thanks to the mass media. For the last weeks, the press has succesfully denounced the Wolfowitz's unethical behaviour when he promoted his girlfriend. Two different stories and two different outcomes about freedom of speech and expression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6781323134022069029?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6781323134022069029/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6781323134022069029&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6781323134022069029'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6781323134022069029'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/05/chvez-wolfowitz-and-media.html' title='Chávez, Wolfowitz and the Media'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rl3lfehoDmI/AAAAAAAAAIE/WCX1W0IG_MU/s72-c/image1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8709856310066991177</id><published>2007-05-24T13:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:00.089-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Paraguay and Green Fuel</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlX7n-hoDbI/AAAAAAAAAGs/k5MyY7acP1I/s1600-h/DSCN3031.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5068233619892866482" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 202px; height: 158px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlX7n-hoDbI/AAAAAAAAAGs/k5MyY7acP1I/s400/DSCN3031.JPG" border="0" height="212" width="285" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;araguay is usually known for bad things. This landlocked country is famous for its widespread and voracious corruption in the public sector and for the second largest city, Ciudad del Este (located in the tri-border area), where smuggling, money laundering, drug-trafficking and criminality meet. However, Paraguay is also well-known for its charming people and for one of the biggest infrastructures ever built: the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant. The photograph I attach was taken last year when I visited that country for a consultancy service (&lt;a href="http://www.iigov.org/wp/attachment.drt?art=707136"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; you can get -in Spanish- part of our report about the current governance situation in Paraguay).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But agriculture has been for decades the main economic activity. For this reason, Paraguay could be well placed to produce green fuel on a large scale. I suspect, according to last news, that politicians and landowners are excited with this new export-oriented development. Notwithstanding, I think It would be a mistake to focus all the energies on that option. Many scholars have repeteadly showed that a healthy economy is characterized basically by its diversification and added value. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apart from that, this model of development only gives benefits to a very few people (landowners). What is worst, inequalities in Paraguay are extremely acute (very close to Brazil) and poverty rate is around 60%. This is true (partially) because the mechanisms of tax collection and redistribution are still underdeveloped and weakly institutionalized (tax evasion has been a constant). But certainly some progress have been made in the last years (see the report linked before). Summing up, biofuel can be an opportunity to get fresh money but paraguayans (specially the elite) should not forget the following: money is a mean to fight against poverty, to ameliorate the living conditions and, in short, to carry out effective public policies, not an end in itself. Simple idea? Yeah, I know! But until now nothing of this has happened!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8709856310066991177?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8709856310066991177/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8709856310066991177&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8709856310066991177'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8709856310066991177'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/05/paraguay-and-ethanol.html' title='Paraguay and Green Fuel'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlX7n-hoDbI/AAAAAAAAAGs/k5MyY7acP1I/s72-c/DSCN3031.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-282603352802741296</id><published>2007-05-23T02:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:00.586-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>En defensa dels Mossos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlQQN-hoDaI/AAAAAAAAAGk/gk3mHuXMQbM/s1600-h/images1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 96px; height: 96px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlQQN-hoDaI/AAAAAAAAAGk/gk3mHuXMQbM/s320/images1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5067693313007029666" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;es d'aquí voldria donar el meu suport als Mossos d'Esquadra i denunciar la campanya de linxament que, des del meu punt de vista, està patint en els darrers mesos aquest cos policial. Alguns mitjans de comunicació i organitzacions de la societat civil estan actuant amb una enorme irresponsabilitat, desprestigiant una policia que ha demostrat amb reiterades ocasions la seva professionalitat i competència (més enllà de casos puntuals d'extralimitació que, espero, siguin degudament sancionats).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un cop més, el discurs políticament correcte s'imposa a l'hora d'abordar determinats fets com la manifestació okupa d'aquest passat dissabte. Els Mossos d'Esquadra tenen dret a la presumpció d'innocència. Sincerament, el moviment okupa no em provoca ni confiança ni complicitat, sinó tot el contrari: rebuig. Els seus mètodes antisistema i les seves provocacions constants són menyspreables i suposen, al meu parer, una font de conflictivitat social. No estaria malament que el president del país, el Molt Honorable José Montilla, digués unes paraules de suport explícit als Mossos i de reconeixement a la seva indubtable funció social. Ara, més que mai, necessiten del seu suport per frenar els atacs de desprestigi que està suportant la nostra policia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlQEXOhoDYI/AAAAAAAAAGU/frQXDlCAIMQ/s1600-h/images1.jpg"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-282603352802741296?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/282603352802741296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=282603352802741296&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/282603352802741296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/282603352802741296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/05/en-defensa-dels-mossos.html' title='En defensa dels Mossos'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RlQQN-hoDaI/AAAAAAAAAGk/gk3mHuXMQbM/s72-c/images1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-4370473679255499704</id><published>2007-05-17T09:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:00.879-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>Are politicians really original  and competent?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rk1iI-hoDXI/AAAAAAAAAGM/ZsRqufDjo9Q/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5065813062224186738" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; width: 97px; cursor: pointer; height: 88px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rk1iI-hoDXI/AAAAAAAAAGM/ZsRqufDjo9Q/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;n these days Spain is living its own electoral process (muncipal and regional elections). All kind of political promises are on the table. However, It is quite difficult (if not impossible) to identify original proposals and initiatives from each political party. Everybody talks, more or less in the same terms, about security, public housing programs, immigration policies, environment, jobs, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are witnessing a battle of promises (who gives more!?) but not a battle of ideas. It is really surprising to hear initiatives completely unachieveable in the mid-term. What is worst, most politicians uphold their measures saying the following: "This policy will work because it has been successful in (wherever)". Yes, yes... in that place but maybe not here! I think that this is a good theory to explain some interesting phenomena like the well known policy diffusion and decoupling. Taking into account other experiences is very often the best way to reduce politicians' cognitive limitations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, many people will agree with me if I say that our political elite is not good enough. Politicians are widely discredited for different reasons. Here you have some examples.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;They do not keep the promises they made. Mechanisms of accountability are weakly institutionalized.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Corruption is rampant at the local and regional level. Some mayors and public officials have been involved in illegal practices (housing-boom in the Southern Spain).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nepotism and cronyism have been used in the public administration to promote people that have not finished their upper studies. In other cases, their abilities are under suspicion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;All these items can partially explain the electoral abstention. The quality of our democracy rests also on the quality of our representatives. Political parties are responsible when they choose both their leaders and the staff.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-4370473679255499704?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/4370473679255499704/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=4370473679255499704&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4370473679255499704'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4370473679255499704'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/05/are-politicians-really-original-and.html' title='Are politicians really original  and competent?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rk1iI-hoDXI/AAAAAAAAAGM/ZsRqufDjo9Q/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3370814404743232811</id><published>2007-05-03T01:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:00.891-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>La meva feina? Diputat i alcalde!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rjmx5YSE9hI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Z1TF8K1cie0/s1600-h/fhemi.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5060271255656396306" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; width: 105px; cursor: pointer; height: 111px;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rjmx5YSE9hI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Z1TF8K1cie0/s200/fhemi.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;bans de començar ja aviso que la reflexió que ve a continuació podria ferir sensibilitats. Ho dic perquè sovint quan un vol parlar dels assumptes públics i de la classe dirigent pesa més el discurs políticament correcte que la coherència i el sentit comú.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En uns dies ens trobarem enmig d'uns nous comicis: les eleccions municipals. La meva intenció aquí no és pas fer prediccions ni càbales sobre com quedarà, finalment, el mapa polític dels nostres ens locals. Amb el vostre permís, tocaré un tema poc o gens tractat però que fa temps que hi dóno voltes: la compatibilitat de càrrecs públics. No són pocs els casos d'alcaldes que compaginen la seva activitat professional amb la de diputat, i viceversa. Alguns de vosaltres deveu pensar que això no té res d'anormal, que forma part de la realitat política del nostre país i de més enllà i, sobretot, que el marc legal ho permet. Ara bé, des del meu punt de vista, considero la dualitat de càrrecs com una aberració democràtica en tota regla. M'explico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darrerament he estat donant un cop d'ull a les funcions que recauen sobre el Parlament (per extensió, sobre els diputats), a la llei reguldora de les Bases de Règim Local i a la Llei Municipal i de Règim Local de Catalunya. No hi ha dubte que la feina que recau en els representants polítics, ja sigui a nivell parlamentari o a nivell local, és enorme. Els diputats i diputades han d'exercir la potestat legislativa, el control de l'acció de govern, la participació (com a mínim) en una comissió parlamentària, etc. Per la seva banda, els representants dels consistoris han d'abordar i gestionar importants competències com les d'educació, habitatge, sanitat, reinserció i assistència socials, etc. És més, la llei reconeix la capacitat als municipis de promoure tota classe d'activitats i prestar serveis públics que contribueixin a satisfer les necessitats veïnals en virtud del principi d'autonomia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les preguntes què cal fer-nos són les següents: És ètic que una mateixa persona estigui ocupant alhora dos càrrecs públics de tanta trascendència i responsabilitat? És pot compaginar les dues feines i ser eficaç i eficient en el seu exercici diari? A les dues qüestions jo respondria, sense vacil·lacions, que no. Algú podrá dir que l'alcalde tal d'aquella localitat va ser realment competent i que, al mateix temps, era diputat. Però, podríem dir el mateix a la inversa? És a dir, aquell alcalde era també un excel·lent diputat conegut per la seva proactivitat i iniciativa parlamentària? Tinc els meus dubtes. No em cansaré mai de recordar que només 135 persones representen el poble de Catalunya (ni més ni menys que 7 milions d'habitants!). Significa tan poc per nosaltres el Parlament de Catalunya que permetem que els nostres càrrecs electes tinguin altres ocupacions laborals? I el mateix pels alcaldes en relació als seus municipis. Em sembla que, entre tots plegats, ens hem begut l'enteniment!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3370814404743232811?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3370814404743232811/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3370814404743232811&amp;isPopup=true' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3370814404743232811'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3370814404743232811'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/05/diputats-i-alcaldes-al-mateix-temps.html' title='La meva feina? Diputat i alcalde!'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rjmx5YSE9hI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Z1TF8K1cie0/s72-c/fhemi.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1164573900148181649</id><published>2007-04-30T02:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:01.015-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Europe'/><title type='text'>Accommodating Immigrants in Europe</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RjYBXoSE9fI/AAAAAAAAAF0/YXT4KaTJCS8/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5059232736859190770" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RjYBXoSE9fI/AAAAAAAAAF0/YXT4KaTJCS8/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;ow to accommodate immigrants in Western Europe is a burning issue. Our standard of living conditions and prosperity have attracted for decades immigrants from different countries and cultures. But, something wrong is happen when immigration policies are failing. To be more concise, we can identify the following challenges:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;In many cases, immigrants do not have incentives to integrate themselves in the host society. Sociological studies about their feelings, perceptions and special needs are required for designing public policies. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mistrust is widespread between European citizens and newcomers. As a consequence, the risk of having two or more separate communities is obvious. As some analysts point out, permitting ghettos are not the best way to promote an atmosphere of cultural exchange and of mutual understanding. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The rise of &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;rigth&lt;/span&gt;-wing and populist parties with a political discourse clearly against immigrants jeopardizes the social cohesion. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Social mobility is a hard problem for them. Riots and protests have flourished across Europe due to their growing unemployment and lack of job opportunities. These are key concerns because having a job is the best route out of poverty and multiple deprivation. The &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;Banlieues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; events in 2005 show perfectly theses difficulties.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Spells of poverty are fertile ground for radical &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;Islamism&lt;/span&gt;. Religious &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3"&gt;fanaticism&lt;/span&gt; is understood by a minority as the only way out for them. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Unlike Canada, for example, European countries receive basically unskilled workers, that is, with few or no qualifications. They are the most directly affected by the current service-knowledge economy that demands more and more training. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li value="8"&gt;An important percentage of European citizens believe that immigrants are taking more from the welfare state than they contribute to it. We are agree that this way of thinking is often exagerated. However, any immigration policy should focus its attention on public opinion. Perceptions, based on real or invented facts, are good predictors of public behaviour towards immigrants. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Multinational democracies evolve in a permanent state of tension. States like Spain or Belgium have to manage at the same time two types of cultural diversity: pluralism from national minorities (or nations without State) and from immigrants.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finally, the presence of illegal immigrants (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;sans &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_4"&gt;papiers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) is really important in countries like Spain or Italy. It entails, as you can imagine, problems of social and economic inclusiveness. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;We are in a critical juncture to tackle all these challenges. It is time to make decisions! Proposals, as usual, are more than welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1164573900148181649?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1164573900148181649/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1164573900148181649&amp;isPopup=true' title='19 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1164573900148181649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1164573900148181649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/04/accommodating-immigrants-in-europe.html' title='Accommodating Immigrants in Europe'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RjYBXoSE9fI/AAAAAAAAAF0/YXT4KaTJCS8/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3182834379502491176</id><published>2007-04-24T02:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:01.258-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poverty and Inequality'/><title type='text'>Some Key Ideas about Poverty</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Ri5xhyTmWZI/AAAAAAAAAFk/iYVR2sej0O0/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5057104256837245330" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: 90px;" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Ri5xhyTmWZI/AAAAAAAAAFk/iYVR2sej0O0/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; I &lt;/span&gt;am still reading &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/End-Poverty-Economic-Possibilities-Time/dp/0143036580/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-8403501-8435856?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;qid=1177409148&amp;sr=8-1"&gt;"The End of Poverty. Economic Possibilities for Our Time"&lt;/a&gt; written by Jeffrey Sachs. One quickly realizes that he is more than a simple economist and professor. His main added value is that he has also worked in the field as an advisor for developing countries for a long time. His background and knowledge shed light on the key strategies to fight against poverty within the next years. Some considerations come up to me after reading his recommendations and conclusions: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Overcoming the poverty trap is not an easy enterprise but not impossible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;National diagnosis should be the first step before taking decisions to curb poverty rates. Initial conditions matter (geography, natural resources, institutional framework, etc.) but changing the path of (under) development is always feasible.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Finding out synergies among policies and strategies is the best way to turn plans against poverty into successful initiatives (as &lt;a href="http://maciasaymar.blogspot.com/2007/03/synergies-in-development-from-plans-to.html"&gt;Macías-Aymar&lt;/a&gt; reminds us in his blog).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Political willingness and international involvement are essential to reverse the negative trends.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Technologies, innovations and ideas that boost prosperity are today more accessible than ever before (food science, irrigation, new sources of energy, etc.).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many poor countries have recently undergone an economic explosion, climbing the ladder of human development (China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Development is not a zero-sum game. Our well-being does not mean losses for others. To the contrary, development is a "public good", that is, everyone can get benefits without causing collateral damages.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;It is clear that Jeffrey Sachs is an optimistic guy! But he offers a lot of information for being optimistic. A few centuries ago, differences in wealth and poverty around the world almost did not exist. Soon after, some nations and regions took-off and some others not, lagging behind them. What is true is that currently we have everything to "make poverty history". Maybe it is a question of time.  I hope Sachs is right!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3182834379502491176?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3182834379502491176/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3182834379502491176&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3182834379502491176'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3182834379502491176'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/04/poverty-and-climatic-change-features-in.html' title='Some Key Ideas about Poverty'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Ri5xhyTmWZI/AAAAAAAAAFk/iYVR2sej0O0/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1797737973783075978</id><published>2007-04-18T02:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:01.828-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Política catalana'/><title type='text'>El Tribunal Constitucional i el futur de l'Estatut</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RiX7Av6M2mI/AAAAAAAAAFM/unqBhvKCSoo/s1600-h/tribunal_constitucional_280.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 139px; height: 139px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RiX7Av6M2mI/AAAAAAAAAFM/unqBhvKCSoo/s200/tribunal_constitucional_280.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5054722147072399970" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;l “culebrón” de l’Estatut encara li queda corda i promet ser, en la seva recta final, realment apassionant. Com ja sabeu, el darrer tràmit que ha de passar l’Estatut és el del Tribunal Constitucional. Què acabarà determinant el màxim intèrpret de la carta magna? Quin posicionament tindrà? Això ningú ho sap (tret, potser, dels mateixos dotze magistrats que s'hauran de pronunciar) encara que les especulacions no s’han fet esperar. Tothom és conscient, almenys des de Catalunya, que hi ha un "risc" raonable i, fins i tot, fonamentat, de que alguns dels preceptes de l’Estatut poden veure’s finalment desvirtuats.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una nova retallada de l'Estatut i/o una lectura restrictiva de la seves previsions serien, com molts han apuntat, nefasts no només per les aspiracions de més autonomia de Catalunya sinó també per a la viabilitat política de l'actual model d'organització territorial de l'Estat espanyol. El problema avui no és tant el què diu l'Estatut sinó com s'ha d'interpretar. En aquest sentit, recomano un breu article d'en &lt;a href="http://www10.gencat.net/drep/binaris/article_C%20Viver_%20Revista%20Activitat%20Parlamentaria_tcm112-50350.pdf"&gt;Carles Viver Pi-Sunyer&lt;/a&gt; que, d'alguna manera, condiciona el salt qualitatiu de l'Estatut a una, podríem dir, lectura generosa del seu articulat. Malament rai! Ens podem trobar, doncs, en un nou entrebanc que pot descafeïnar, encara més, el nostre Estatut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aquesta realitat posa de relleu una tensió, evident, entre dret i política. Les societats s'han dotat d'uns marcs institucionals que permeten reduir els costos de transacció entre els actors de l'arena sociopolítica. Aquestes regles del joc són de vital importància, per una banda, perquè redueixen la incertesa pròpia de l'estat de naturalesa hobbesià i, per l'altra, perquè pauten les interaccions entre els agents polítics, socials i econòmics. En aquest sentit, si es vol modificar o reformar de nou una Llei orgànica com l'Estatut d'Autonomia s'estipulen una serie de procediments formals que s'han de respectar escrupulosament. Estem s'acord que l'ordre en aquests tipus de procediments ha de prevaldre per sobre d'un hipotètic escenari de caos de conseqüències gens previsibles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El problema rau, en el nostre cas, quan aquest marc institucional, hereu de la transició, és clarament negatiu pels interessos de les minories nacionals (per molt que alguns s'esforcin a dir que la Constitució del 78 és prou genèrica com per encabir diferents fórmules). El cas de l'Estatut és un clar exemple de com la voluntat política es veu desatesa, una i altra vegada, per un marc jurídic clarament desfavorable. Com ponderar ambdós interessos? Em sembla que no tinc resposta... (al menys per ara) potser algú de vosaltres sí.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El Tribunal Constitucional té la darrera paraula i, com sempre, el temps dirà. En qualsevol cas, ja tindrem temps per comentar bastament la seva resolució. No voldria presagiar mals auguris però em sembla que els catalans no juguem, un cop més, amb les millors cartes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1797737973783075978?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1797737973783075978/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1797737973783075978&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1797737973783075978'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1797737973783075978'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/04/lestatut-de-catalunya-i-el-seu-futur.html' title='El Tribunal Constitucional i el futur de l&apos;Estatut'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RiX7Av6M2mI/AAAAAAAAAFM/unqBhvKCSoo/s72-c/tribunal_constitucional_280.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2048070196960411776</id><published>2007-04-04T04:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:02.051-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Europe'/><title type='text'>The European Social Model at the Crossroads</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhOs_C2e8ZI/AAAAAAAAAFE/4c1nQIvBju4/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5049569806309585298" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 163px; height: 105px;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhOs_C2e8ZI/AAAAAAAAAFE/4c1nQIvBju4/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt;n just one week I've read the last book written by Anthony &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;Giddens&lt;/span&gt; and published by Polity Press titled &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Europe-Global-Age-Anthony-Giddens/dp/0745640125/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/002-4821438-0799235?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;qid=1175691478&amp;sr=8-1"&gt;Europe in the Global Age&lt;/a&gt;. In my view Giddens offers an outstanding approach about the main challenges that have to be confronted by all European countries in the current days. In this respect Giddens warns that most Western Europe is lagging behind the US and others developed countries like Japan (taking into account average growth rates, unemployment, employment rate, R&amp;amp;D investment or labour productivity to cite some indicators). From this outlook the author calls for reforms aimed to update the European Social Model (ESM). For ESM he understands:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;1. A developed and interventionist state, funded by relatively high levels of taxation;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;2. A robust welfare system, which provides effective social protection, to some considerable degree for all citizens, but especially for those most in need;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;3. The limitation, or containment, of economic and other forms of inequality (page 2).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Before reforming the ESM, Giddens stresses that we need to comprehend the most important social changes over the past decades. More especially he focuses on the rise of the knowledge/service economy, the new kinds of poverty and deprivation (affecting mainly children, women and unskilled workers), the ageing population, the rise of inequalities (both among individuals and regions) or the problems of cohesion and social exclusion (massive entrance of illegal immigrants in Italy or Spain, emergence of right-wing populism in Netherlands or Denmark, xenophobia or religious cleavage). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, Giddens does not forget either those anxieties as a result of the recent European enlargement. New countries have become full members of the European club but not everybody considers this reality as a positive step. To be more concise, the idea of “social dumping” is quite widespread and viewed with suspicion by many people (as some opinion polls show) and, worst of all, by political leaders from the well-established democracies. Finally, policies aimed to address the climatic change, along with other burning issues, are analyzed in detail. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In doing so, however, Giddens also recognizes that there are some -in fact a few!- European countries that can be labelled as successful (or good-perfomers). Obviously, we are referring to the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, and Denmark) in comparison to France, Germany or Italy (defined in the book as bad-performers or blocked societies). Some scholars argue that those successful countries should be perceived as unconditional “role models” by the rest of the Europe. In other words, emulation is sold as the best strategy to follow. But they are wrong as Giddens also points out. There are many lessons to be drawn from Nordic Countries but it does not mean “emulation”. In this sense, it would be useful to take the OECD’s advice in &lt;a href="http://www.oecd.org/document/15/0,2340,en_2649_37405_35405455_1_1_1_37405,00.html"&gt;Modernising the Government. The Way Forward&lt;/a&gt; (2006). Reforms need to be anchored to national realities because, to a large extent, incentives and constraints of each "veto player" are shaped by the (home) institutional framework. We should never forget this if we are engaged in passing deep structural reforms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2048070196960411776?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2048070196960411776/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2048070196960411776&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2048070196960411776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2048070196960411776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/04/european-social-model-at-crossroads.html' title='The European Social Model at the Crossroads'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhOs_C2e8ZI/AAAAAAAAAFE/4c1nQIvBju4/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8113731677813332751</id><published>2007-04-03T03:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:02.460-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Photos'/><title type='text'>Manhattan Skyline at Nightfall and Taking a Break</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s1600-h/DSCN4414.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5049157892125328642" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; width: 190px; cursor: pointer; height: 143px;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s200/DSCN4414.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" align="left"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI17-79hPI/AAAAAAAAAEw/8yobIGvB2LQ/s1600-h/DSCN4365.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5049157436858795250" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; width: 190px; cursor: pointer; height: 145px;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI17-79hPI/AAAAAAAAAEw/8yobIGvB2LQ/s200/DSCN4365.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;s some of you know, this blog is aimed to comment political and social issues both national and international. However, today I'll make an exception. I've decided to attach and share with you these photographs taken last February. From top to bottom, the Skyline coming from Staten Island, and my brother and me resting on West St. Just two out of more than four hundred photographs!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" align="left"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s1600-h/DSCN4414.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI17-79hPI/AAAAAAAAAEw/8yobIGvB2LQ/s1600-h/DSCN4365.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" align="left"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s1600-h/DSCN4414.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s1600-h/DSCN4414.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI17-79hPI/AAAAAAAAAEw/8yobIGvB2LQ/s1600-h/DSCN4365.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8113731677813332751?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8113731677813332751/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8113731677813332751&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8113731677813332751'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8113731677813332751'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/04/manhattan-skyline-at-nightfall-as-some.html' title='Manhattan Skyline at Nightfall and Taking a Break'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RhI2We79hQI/AAAAAAAAAE4/W7TFKrNVCr4/s72-c/DSCN4414.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1060797198854562588</id><published>2007-03-29T04:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:02.551-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Does Globalization Promote Democracy?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RgzCyu79hKI/AAAAAAAAAEI/W4D8n1_2LCk/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5047623459224257698" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 129px; height: 97px;" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RgzCyu79hKI/AAAAAAAAAEI/W4D8n1_2LCk/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;t is true, as some social scientists assert, that globalization is more than an economic phenomenon. Globalization implies not only the growth and complexity of economic &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;interdependencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; but also of political and cultural networks. Similarly, globalization cannot be defined as Americanization. Compare globalization with the American national interests is simply wrong (if not stupid). To a large extent America takes advantage of globalization but it does not mean to control everything. Globalization is by nature a bidirectional process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The question whether globalization promotes or not our liberal democracy around the world has also generated controversy in political circles. The answer is too complex and empirical studies are needed to address it. Meanwhile, some scholars argue, for instance, that indigenous movements in the Andes have been boosted thank to treaties and norms backed by international organizations. So new global rules opened new spaces for improving the quality of those democracies (generally speaking, inclusiveness and public participation). Moreover, in recent times the world has witnessed two broad democratization waves (Southern Europe and Latin America in the seventies and Eastern Europe or ex-Communists states in the nineties).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;However, there are many other examples from the opposite direction. There is no doubt that globalization has also brought benefits for developing countries. China and India are good examples. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The rise of these countries shows how important globalization is to escape from poverty. Nevertheless, globalization has its "dark side". Consider the Chinese foreign policy in Africa. China needs natural resources (oil, minerals, etc.) to keep its growth up. For this reason, China is anxiously looking to countries like Nigeria (the biggest oil-producer in Africa) or Democratic Republic of Congo (cobalt supplier). In exchange for natural resources, China will probably turn into the most important source of aid and investment. Good news for many African countries!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But, can we make the same &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;statement&lt;/span&gt; in terms of democracy promotion? &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-corrected" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;Definitely&lt;/span&gt; not. As wrote &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Economist&lt;/span&gt; few months ago (october 28th 2006) "(...) China is not interested in pressing African governments to hold elections or be more democratic in other ways". My opinion is that China's lack interest in human rights or democracy is its main comparative advantatge in the region. China wants commodities. Nothing else. To the contrary, West countries are morally forced to demand progress in democratic indicators. We should think it over and try to find new incentives for African governments. Here is a new threat for democrats in the global age! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1060797198854562588?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1060797198854562588/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1060797198854562588&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1060797198854562588'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1060797198854562588'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/03/does-globalization-promote-democracy-it.html' title='Does Globalization Promote Democracy?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RgzCyu79hKI/AAAAAAAAAEI/W4D8n1_2LCk/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-2364770140940294522</id><published>2007-03-27T08:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:02.762-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Soft Power, America and something else</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rgk2K1KSowI/AAAAAAAAAD4/ZXza31gMzc8/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rgk2K1KSowI/AAAAAAAAAD4/ZXza31gMzc8/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5046624417142186754" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0"&gt;uring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; the last weeks I have been reading one of the books written by Joseph S. Nye titled &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/0195161106/ref=s9_asin_title_3-hf_favarpcbss_2238_p/002-4821438-0799235?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&amp;pf_rd_s=center-1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;pf_rd_r=1J2RER2B7JB28C4PVCZM&amp;pf_rd_t=101&amp;amp;pf_rd_p=278240701&amp;pf_rd_i=507846"&gt;"The paradox of American Power"&lt;/a&gt;. It was published in 2002 but there is no doubt that his theoretical framework about the future U.S.'s role in the world is today more suitable than ever. It is really sad to see how the Bush administration has been ignoring year after year Nye's useful advices on foreign policy (basically providing international institutions both for cooperating and for reducing uncertainty). The negative consequences are well known to everybody (Iraq war is just an example). At the beginning, &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1"&gt;multilateralism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; certainly involves large set-up costs but in the future they are exceeded by the benefits. Sometimes, as Nye reminds us, "carrots" are more effective than "sticks".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems clear that the U.S. is by far the most powerful nation in almost all fields (military, universities and research, economy, business, etc.), but the right question is the following: Will the U.S. be able to keep its current power in the long term? It is certainly a difficult question but maybe, as Nye points out, the answer should take soft power into account. According to his view, America should stress its soft power to manage and eventually overcome the current and future threats. So what does soft power mean? Soft power is an intangible asset because it mainly rests on values, principles, preferences, reputation, and lifestyle (democracy, free market, liberalism, individual and collective rights, etc.). In Nye's words:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A country may obtain the outcomes it wants in world politics because other countries want to follow it, admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness. (...) This aspect of power -getting others to want what you want- I call soft power (page 8-9).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;I think the U.S. has been undermining its own soft power in the last few years. The current U.S. unilateralism is not the best strategy in the global context where problems such as terrorism, climate change, drug trafficking, corruption and other "vulnerabilities" must be tackled through cooperative arrangements and taking seriously the other's opinion. Even the world's superpower needs friends and allies. Illicit activities (as &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_2"&gt;Moisés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3"&gt;&lt;span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_3"&gt;Naím&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; describes and analyses perfectly in another interesting &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Illicit-Smugglers-Traffickers-Copycats-Hijacking/dp/1400078849/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/002-4821438-0799235?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;qid=1175070741&amp;amp;sr=1-1"&gt;book&lt;/a&gt;) or biodiversity degradation cut across  our administrative and political jurisdictions. In other words, those problems are beyond our control because borders are more and more porous.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, in the individual level nothing seems to change. Some weeks ago, I visited the U.S. My brother is working there as a researcher at University of Massachusetts (Amherst). My days in New England were really interesting. It was my first time in that country and for me everything was new. One day I met a guy who was studying at the same university and I asked him where he came from (his English was perfect but he had a different accent). He said: "I am from Northampton" (a city close to Amherst). But I was interested in knowing the country he came from. Finally, he told me he was from India but he felt completely American... My brother had a similar experience from a Korean. To sum up: America works already like a magnet for many people who want to join and accommodate to the American culture. American politicians must be responsible of their actions and policies abroad. If America is perceived as arrogant nobody will be willing to follow its example. America can not afford it (neither Europe). As Nye concludes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(...) soft power is becoming increasingly important, but soft power is fragile and can be destroyed by excessive unilateralism and arrogance (page 162).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-2364770140940294522?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/2364770140940294522/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=2364770140940294522&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2364770140940294522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/2364770140940294522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/03/soft-power-america-and-something-else_27.html' title='Soft Power, America and something else'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/Rgk2K1KSowI/AAAAAAAAAD4/ZXza31gMzc8/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3193022476187254229</id><published>2007-02-14T06:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:03.307-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>La miopía de Chávez</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RdMaN7iv8jI/AAAAAAAAADk/3cpnSULBvtQ/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5031394035327038002" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RdMaN7iv8jI/AAAAAAAAADk/3cpnSULBvtQ/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;“He looks unstoppable”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;Con esta frase empieza el reciente artículo sobre Hugo Chávez en &lt;i&gt;The Economist&lt;/i&gt; (February 3rd.). Ciertamente, el presidente Chávez no tiene, hoy por hoy, rival político que le pueda hacer sombra. Su populismo ha sido capaz de sumar cada vez más adeptos a su “proyecto revolucionario” de izquierda. Lo cierto es que Chávez se ha ganado la simpatía y legitimidad social no sólo de una gran parte de los venezolanos sino también de muchos ciudadanos latinoamericanos. Si a esto le sumamos, por un lado, que el parlamento ha dado el visto bueno para que el mandatario venezolano asuma poderes legislativos y, por otro, sus planes de nacionalización de empresas de telecomunicaciones y electricidad, no cabe duda de que Chávez está imparable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;No obstante, Chávez tiene un actitud muy miope en términos políticos. El petróleo y su alto precio en el mercado internacional (que se ha cuadruplicado desde 1998) ha permitido a Chávez llevar a cabo importantes programas sociales dentro y fuera de Venezuela (las conocidas &lt;i&gt;misiones&lt;/i&gt;). Sin embargo, no parece haber calculado los efectos a medio y largo plazo de su estrategia y surgen interrogantes como, por ejemplo: ¿qué pasará cuando el precio del petróleo empiece a bajar?; ¿tiene realmente Venezuela unas actividades o sectores económicos alternativos al petróleo? o; ¿quién afrontará el creciente —e irresponsable— endeudamiento del país?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Chávez se siente fuerte por la bonanza del sector petrolero. Sinceramente, creo que el país puede acabar pagando muy caro el derroche y el despilfarro de Chávez y, sobre todo, la falta de una visión sostenible de sus proyectos (si se quiere bienintencionados) de corte social. Está muy bien que Chávez redistribuya la riqueza del país. Eso es bueno e incluso le honra y más en una sociedad de profundas desigualdades. Pero se olvida de la otra cara de la moneda: la creación de riqueza y, por tanto, la mejora de la competitividad y productividada más allá de los recursos naturales y que, por desgracia de todos, tienen fecha de caducidad. Mi temor es que el socialismo bolivariano de Chávez se acabe colapsando y la sociedad venezolana acabe pagando sus consecuencias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3193022476187254229?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3193022476187254229/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3193022476187254229&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3193022476187254229'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3193022476187254229'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/02/la-miop-de-chvez-he-looks-unstoppable.html' title='La miopía de Chávez'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RdMaN7iv8jI/AAAAAAAAADk/3cpnSULBvtQ/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-8294822533728873994</id><published>2007-02-06T04:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:03.541-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Por la paz...¡más gasto militar!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RchwMq6lFNI/AAAAAAAAADY/kwXf5hHS1EY/s1600-h/_40318889_ap203bodykabul.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5028392346939888850" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; WIDTH: 99px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 99px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RchwMq6lFNI/AAAAAAAAADY/kwXf5hHS1EY/s200/_40318889_ap203bodykabul.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hace unos semanas leí con interés el reciente libro de Josep M. Colomer “Grans imperis, petites nacions” (Ed. Proa, 2006). En uno de los capítulos, Colomer sostiene, con razón, que el mundo está hoy más desmilitarizado que décadas e incluso siglos atrás. En términos relativos, y después del colapso del bloque soviético, el gasto militar y el personal en filas de las principales potencias militares se han visto reducidos considerablemente. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Estas afirmaciones son, a priori, una muy buena noticia para todos los que propugnamos un mundo menos belicoso y más propenso a las relaciones diplomáticas. Pero el plano del “deber ser” no debe hacernos descuidar lo que acontece realmente y los medios para alcanzar ese ideal. Con la excepción de la invasión de Irak, un gran número de tropas desplegadas ejercen misiones de paz, siendo de vital importancia para la contención de conflictos de base étnica y/o para la estabilidad sociopolítica. Los casos de Kosovo o de la República Democrática del Congo son una buena prueba de ello. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Aunque sea políticamente incorrecto decirlo, no cabe duda que para garantizar el éxito de estas y otras muchas misiones se requiere de efectivos y material militar y, por consiguiente, de cuantiosas inversiones en este sector. Así, por ejemplo, las operaciones de pacificación en Afganistán se están complicando día tras días por las carencias en el apoyo logístico y equipamiento militar y por el reducido número de soldados. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;En este contexto, la Unión Europea (UE) debe convergir con los Estados Unidos en cuanto a gasto militar. La UE sólo dedica, de acuerdo con datos de &lt;i&gt;The Economist&lt;/i&gt;, el 1,9% del PIB mientras que el porcentaje para los Estados Unidos asciende hasta el 3,8%. Esta disparidad es realmente importante y, en mi opinión, no está justificada si la UE quiere ocupar un lugar decisivo y determinante como valedor de los derechos fundamentales, no sólo en el espacio europeo sino también en la arena internacional. Y, para ello, sea bajo el paraguas de sus propias instituciones o de la OTAN, se necesita una cuota de poder militar más importante que la actual. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;No vale, como está pasando en Afganistán, que algunos países europeos rechacen, a instancias del alto mando de la OTAN o de los Estados Unidos (por cierto, uno de los países con más bajas en esta misión), enviar efectivos en “zonas peligrosas” del norte u oeste del país o compartir material. Por triste que pueda parecer, a veces la paz se alcanza, sobretodo en los Estados fallidos, gracias a las “botas” de los militares y no de los “votos” de los ciudadanos, al menos, eso sí, en un primer momento.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-8294822533728873994?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/8294822533728873994/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=8294822533728873994&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8294822533728873994'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/8294822533728873994'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/02/para-la-paz.html' title='Por la paz...¡más gasto militar!'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RchwMq6lFNI/AAAAAAAAADY/kwXf5hHS1EY/s72-c/_40318889_ap203bodykabul.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-7307822246778746528</id><published>2007-01-22T03:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:03.666-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Spain'/><title type='text'>Transformaciones y desafíos sociales en España: recapitulación y balance</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RbXMa16ju-I/AAAAAAAAADM/kTHMDvJ60iA/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RbXMa16ju-I/AAAAAAAAADM/kTHMDvJ60iA/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5023145720923012066" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;La sociedad española actual tiene muy poco que ver con la de los primeros años de la democracia. La transición de España hacia una democracia moderna, avanzada y plenamente integrada en el proyecto común europeo ha coincidido con una etapa de crecimiento económico y de mejora sustancial del bienestar de sus ciudadanos. Asimismo, el Estado español ha sido testigo en los últimos lustros de profundas transformaciones en las estructuras sociales, demográficas y del mercado de trabajo. Estos cambios, a veces dramáticos, obligar a repensar el papel de las distintas administraciones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El objetivo del presente informe consiste, precisamente, en poner de relieve los principales cambios que ha experimentado la sociedad española en los últimos tiempos. Este ejercicio permitirá analizar con más detalle los desafíos más apremiantes que deben afrontar nuestras administraciones junto con los agentes sociales y económicos. En este sentidos, se parte de la premisa de que los retos que se presentarán a lo largo de este documento requieren de la participación concertada y co-responsable de todos los actores relevantes en un sector de acción determinado. Dicho esto, en un primer momento se procede a analizar las dinámicas demográficas (envejecimiento, baja tasa de fecundidad, aumento de la esperanza de vida e inmigración). En segundo lugar, se incide en la transformación del modelo familiar y sus nuevas formas de organización. En tercer lugar, se aborda el fenómeno de la pobreza con una especial referencia a los grupos sociales más vulnerables. En cuarto lugar, se hacen unas referencias muy breves sobre el problema de la vivienda en España. Por último, se analiza con un poco más de detalle los cambios acaecidos en el mercado de trabajo y en la estructura ocupacional.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Marc Bou i Novensà i Joan Prades&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para consultar el documento completo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="tr_pseudo-link" title="Click to view this file" href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Transformacionessociales.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;http://mbounovensa.google.pages.com/Transformacionessociales.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-7307822246778746528?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/7307822246778746528/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=7307822246778746528&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7307822246778746528'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/7307822246778746528'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/01/transformaciones-y-desafos-sociales.html' title='Transformaciones y desafíos sociales en España: recapitulación y balance'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RbXMa16ju-I/AAAAAAAAADM/kTHMDvJ60iA/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-1987504677265562697</id><published>2007-01-16T07:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:03.823-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Reformas Judiciales, Cooperación Internacional e Instituciones Informales en América Latina</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RazteWk8WkI/AAAAAAAAADA/OZHylOCgsN8/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 65px; height: 103px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RazteWk8WkI/AAAAAAAAADA/OZHylOCgsN8/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5020648790323649090" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Durante las dos últimas décadas, la gran mayoría de países de América Latina han implementado importantes procesos de reforma judicial orientados, principalmente, a mejorar la eficiencia del sistema de justicia, a paliar las barreras de acceso a los tribunales y a fortalecer la independencia de la judicatura. En muchas ocasiones, estas reformas han sido activamente promovidas por instituciones financieras internacionales (Banco Mundial o Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo), por agencias bilaterales de cooperación (USAID, AECI, CIDA, etc.), organizaciones internacionales (PNUD, OEA, UE) o fundaciones privadas (Ford Foundation, etc.), a través de asistencia técnica y recursos económicos, actuando como agentes exógenos del cambio institucional. No cabe duda, pues, que las reformas judiciales se han convertido en uno de los temas prioritarios de la agenda política latinoamericana y un ámbito de acción preferente para la cooperación internacional en aras de fortalecer y consolidar estas jóvenes democracias. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;No obstante, y después de años de reformas ambiciosas y millones de dólares invertidos, pocas cosas parecen haber cambiado. La congestión judicial, la persistencia de la corrupción, las interferencias políticas y económicas sobre el poder judicial, el carácter impredecible de las decisiones judiciales, la incapacidad para responder a los abusos de los Derechos Humanos o los altos índices de homicidios y criminalidad, por citar sólo algunos ejemplos, describen perfectamente el alcance limitado de las mismas. La desconfianza pública en el sistema y administración de justicia ha sido una de sus principales consecuencias. Según el Informe Latinobarómetro 2005, en promedio el 66% de los encuestados sostiene que tienen poca o nada confianza en el poder judicial y el 60% está en desacuerdo con la afirmación “el sistema judicial castiga a los culpables”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;A la luz de estos y otros muchos datos que se irán exponiendo en las siguientes páginas, el objetivo de este proyecto de investigación es doble: por un lado, indagar con más profundidad el impacto del marco institucional (sobre todo informal) sobre la adhesión de los jueces ante las reformas judiciales y, por otro, sacar lecciones provechosas para las futuras acciones de la cooperación internacional en este campo. Ambos objetivos se encuentran íntimamente relacionados porque el conocimiento del andamiaje institucional y, por consiguiente, del marco de incentivos de los jueces, permitirá diseñar proyectos de reforma judicial, con el apoyo inestimable de los donantes internacionales, capaces de paliar con antelación posibles resistencias y obstáculos en la fase de implementación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;El presente trabajo está estructurado de la siguiente manera. En primer lugar, se destaca la importancia de las reformas y del Estado de Derecho para el desarrollo socioeconómico, el fortalecimiento de las instituciones democráticas y la lucha contra la corrupción. En segundo lugar, se contextualiza las reformas judiciales emprendidas en América Latina durante las dos últimas décadas y se realiza una síntesis de las mismas, a partir de las variables independencia, acceso y eficiencia judicial. En tercer lugar, se presentan algunos datos y estudios que dan fe del débil desempeño de las reformas judiciales para pasar, posteriormente, a analizar qué errores habrían cometido los reformadores y, especialmente, la cooperación internacional y sus consultores, a la hora de prestar sus servicios y asistencia técnica. En cuarto lugar, se introduce el marco teórico de referencia, el neoinstitucionalismo, incidiendo en la necesidad de tener en cuenta el rol que desempeñan las instituciones informales en la estructuración de los incentivos de los actores, e incluso subvirtiendo la funcionalidad de las reglas del juego formales. Del mismo modo, se pone el acento en las herramientas conceptuales y analíticas que ofrece la variante histórica del institucionalismo contemporáneo (y, en concreto, de la idea de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;path dependence&lt;/span&gt;), para explicar la inercia y perdurabilidad de las instituciones, en general, y de las informales, en particular. En quinto lugar, se procede a plantear la hipótesis de este trabajo y a exponer su aporte al conocimiento acumulado. Por último, se prevé aplicar el marco teórico y las hipótesis formuladas al estudio de caso de Paraguay, junto con unas primeras conclusiones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Para consultar todo el documento:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="tr_pseudo-link" title="Click to view this file" href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/DEA-BouNovensa.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/DEA-BouNovensa.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-1987504677265562697?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/1987504677265562697/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=1987504677265562697&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1987504677265562697'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/1987504677265562697'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2007/01/reformas-judiciales-cooperacin.html' title='Reformas Judiciales, Cooperación Internacional e Instituciones Informales en América Latina'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RazteWk8WkI/AAAAAAAAADA/OZHylOCgsN8/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-4994380882258889849</id><published>2006-12-29T08:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:04.189-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Cuba: entre el pragmatismo y el idealismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RZVLZKndboI/AAAAAAAAACo/xPlgrN7Tut4/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 107px; height: 122px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RZVLZKndboI/AAAAAAAAACo/xPlgrN7Tut4/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5013996655865589378" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;La convalecencia de Fidel Castro ha abierto toda una serie de especulaciones sobre el futuro político de Cuba y la posibilidad de una transición a la democracia. Desde la revolución de 1959, el país ha vivido bajo el impulso de un sueño romántico cada vez más legitimado a nivel internacional gracias, en gran medida, al bloqueo de los Estados Unidos y al fracaso generalizado de las políticas neoliberales predominantes en América Latina durante los años 90.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tras la caída del Muro de Berlín, Cuba perdió sus fuentes de financiación y sus principales mercados de exportación e importación. La crisis de los balseros de 1994 puso en evidencia las limitaciones de la planificación económica y las escasas oportunidades que existían en Cuba tras la desmembración del bloque comunista. Para contener la crisis, las autoridades emprendieron un proceso de reformas estructurales destinadas a modernizar la estructura productiva del país. Entre las medidas aprobadas se encontraban la apertura a la inversión extranjera, la liberalización parcial del comercio exterior, la despenalización de la tenencia de divisas, la creación de tiendas de recuperación de moneda extranjera para canalizar las remesas familiares y la reestructuración de mercados agropecuarios. En especial, destaca la apuesta por el sector turístico, que representa la principal fuente de divisas del país y la dinamización de otras actividades como la industria agroalimentaria o el sector de los transportes y las comunicaciones. Paradójicamente, los turistas son principalmente estadounidenses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Las reformas se emprendieron sin la ayuda de la comunidad financiera internacional y con fuertes restricciones de capital derivadas de la escasez de divisas, detalles que muestran el esfuerzo realizado. Así, pese a los tres huracanes sufridos y el deterioro del precio de las exportaciones, el país ha sido capaz de mantener el statu quo en materia social. En los últimos dos años, el país ha crecido cerca de los dos dígitos impulsado, en gran parte, por el crecimiento del turismo y los cambios en el escenario internacional, ofreciéndole un nuevo balón de oxígeno al régimen de Castro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Las ayudas del líder venezolano Hugo Chávez han proporcionando petróleo a bajo coste a cambio de maestros, médicos y enfermeras. También China está invirtiendo ya en los depósitos de níquel que tiene Cuba y se ha ofrecido a proporcionar préstamos baratos. Estas acciones contrarrestan los efectos negativos del embargo comercial de Estados Unidos vigente desde 1962. Un embargo, por cierto, que algunos analistas ven más justificado por sus réditos electorales a la hora de captar los votos de los cubano-estadounidenses que por su eficacia en socavar los cimientos del castrismo. Pero también es cierto que el bloqueo de los Estados Unidos ha contribuido a consolidar el nacionalismo cubano, utilizado constantemente por las autoridades como una herramienta para mantener la lealtad social al régimen. He aquí otra paradoja.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero aunque el pragmatismo económico y las nuevas alianzas internacionales han evitado una crisis económica y social de mayor calado, el atraso acumulado por Cuba es todavía flagrante. La precariedad de las principales infraestructuras del país, los permanentes y reiterados problemas energéticos que causan continuos cortes de luz, la falta de transportes públicos, las deficiencias en el suministro de agua o las múltiples limitaciones que afectan a la vivienda, por citar sólo algunos ejemplos, son problemas acuciantes que se arrastran desde hace lustros y que ya han motivado las primeras protestas espontáneas en la calle. Además, los ínfimos salarios que se pagan en Cuba (entre los 10 y los 15 dólares) junto con unas cuotas mensuales de racionamiento insuficientes (sólo cubren las necesidades de una semana), obligan al grueso de la población a pensar en formulas imaginativas para cubrir sus necesidades básicas, muchas veces ligadas al mercado negro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como ha sucedido en China, el cambio en el modelo económico no se ha visto acompañado de reformas políticas. Es más, las nuevas alianzas han fortalecido a las familias del partido. El testamento político de Fidel Castro delegando las funciones de más calado político a su hermano Raúl es buena prueba de ello. La persistencia en el poder de la misma clase política ha institucionalizado la captura de rentas. El mismo Fidel reconocía públicamente el daño que está causando la corrupción no sólo a nivel económico sino también en la viabilidad futura del proyecto revolucionario. Recientemente se han destapado casos de malversación de fondos públicos cometidos por empresarios estatales y altos funcionarios del gobierno que han puesto en evidencia una realidad paralela a los dictados del oficialismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El desarrollo de Cuba dependerá, en gran medida, de la construcción de un Estado capaz de vencer a la corrupción y de liderar los cambios económicos y políticos que el país necesita en cada momento. El papel de la sociedad civil así como la implicación de la comunidad internacional resultarán claves. Sin embargo, las movilizaciones sociales pro democratización distan de las acontecidas durante la Revolución de Tercipelo en Checoslovaquia o las que tuvieron lugar en la plaza de Tienanmen. La lucha por la democracia en España, Argentina, Chile o Portugal conllevó la implicación de miles de personas que dieron muchas veces la vida por las libertades democráticas. La disidencia en Cuba ha emigrado, facilitando el control de los reformistas que restan en el interior y debilitando la presión social a favor del cambio político.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La debilidad de la sociedad civil en Cuba reduce las posibilidades de una transición política en el corto plazo. El éxito del modelo chino y la escasa implicación del resto de Latinoamérica con la democratización en Cuba pueden facilitar la estrategia de supervivencia política de la elite del país. El régimen de Castro y su modelo socioeconómico se han adaptado con éxito a la convulsa reconfiguración del orden mundial de los últimos cincuenta años. Pero los cambios más difíciles de resistir son los que vienen de dentro y el mismo ejército ya ha señalado, en varias ocasiones, que nunca actuarán contra el pueblo. La incógnita reside en saber cuándo se producirá la chispa social que desencadene la necesidad de una transición tranquila en el país.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Joan Oriol Prats i Marc Bou Novensà&lt;br /&gt;Institut Internacional de Governabilitat – IIG&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Artículo públicado en La Vanguardia (22/10/2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-4994380882258889849?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/4994380882258889849/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=4994380882258889849&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4994380882258889849'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/4994380882258889849'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/12/cuba-entre-el-pragmatismo-y-el.html' title='Cuba: entre el pragmatismo y el idealismo'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RZVLZKndboI/AAAAAAAAACo/xPlgrN7Tut4/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6434651890373567203</id><published>2006-12-20T13:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:04.367-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Governança i infraestructures</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYmw0andbkI/AAAAAAAAAB4/P1weZl2c5WY/s1600-h/imagesCAWM1WAR.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5010730474970902082" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 104px; height: 111px;" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYmw0andbkI/AAAAAAAAAB4/P1weZl2c5WY/s200/imagesCAWM1WAR.jpg" border="0" height="113" width="104" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;En els últims anys, les denúncies per falta d'inversions públiques en infraestructures a Catalunya han estat una constant. Bona part del sector empresarial i de la classe política catalana han subratllat insistentment les conseqüències negatives que el déficit d'infraestructures ocasiona sobre l'economia, especialment pel que fa a la pèrdua de competitivitat. Ara bé, el problema de Catalunya en aquesta matèria és només de recursos?, com s'explica que l'execució de les obres es demorin en masses ocasions durant tant de temps?, per què s'acaben modificant els projectes d'infraestructura inicials fins i tot quan les obres ja han començat?, quins són els actors implicats i quins interessos tenen?, què ens aporta l'experiència comparada? Aquestes són algunes de les preguntes que intenta respondre aquest treball titulat: "La governança en la planificació, l'execució i la gestió de les infraestructures" elaborat per l'Estudi Llotja conjuntament amb l'Institut Internacional de Governabilitat de Catalunya (IIG). Aquest llibre, a través de les eines conceptuals i analítiques que ens proporciona la &lt;em&gt;governança&lt;/em&gt;, pot ajudar al lector a comprendre una mica millor per què estem en la situació actual i quins són els passos què hauríem de fer per convertir els reptes que plantegen les infraestructures en oportunitats de futur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Podeu consultar el document a la següent direcció:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cambrabcn.es/Catalan/Infraestructures/documents/estudi_governanca.pdf"&gt;http://www.cambrabcn.es/Catalan/Infraestructures/documents/estudi_governanca.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6434651890373567203?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6434651890373567203/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6434651890373567203&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6434651890373567203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6434651890373567203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/12/governana-i-infraestructures-en-els.html' title='Governança i infraestructures'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYmw0andbkI/AAAAAAAAAB4/P1weZl2c5WY/s72-c/imagesCAWM1WAR.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-3871933599479000830</id><published>2006-11-11T02:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-04-04T04:45:10.691-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Análisis sobre los distintos mecanismos de difusión de políticas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;El presente artículo pretende dilucidar las principales causas que han estimulado la extensión de la liberalización económica y de las políticas de carácter regulativo que se han generalizado en las últimas décadas. Así pues, se intenta poner de relieve aquellos mecanismos, canales o procesos causales que han propiciado la difusión de estas políticas (&lt;em&gt;policy diffusion&lt;/em&gt;) horizontalmente, es decir, de un país a otro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La hipótesis de este breve ensayo es que tanto la decisión de liberalizar la economía como la asunción de políticas e instituciones reguladoras por parte de unos gobiernos, se explican, significativamente, por las decisiones o directivas adoptadas por otros actores presentes en el escenario internacional. En este sentido, se asume que los decisores políticos (&lt;em&gt;policy makers&lt;/em&gt;) mantienen unas relaciones de interdependencia con un amplio abanico de actores económicos, políticos y sociales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La literatura sobre difusión de políticas ha intentado identificar y contrastar empíricamente, por un lado, por qué tantos países se han subido al tren de la liberalización económica y del modelo de estado regulador y, por otro, por qué en un lapso de tiempo tan breve. Como se deriva de la hipótesis planteada, se parte del supuesto que las variables domésticas, tanto políticas como económicas, son insuficientes para explicar aquellas medidas liberalizadoras y de regulación. A continuación se analizan los principales mecanismos de difusión mediante los cuales las políticas se extienden, entendidos como factores internacionales, que el mundo académico ha barajado como elementos explicativos más plausibles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para consultar el documento completo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Difusindepolticasblog.pdf"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Difusindepolticasblog.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-3871933599479000830?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/3871933599479000830/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=3871933599479000830&amp;isPopup=true' title='68 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3871933599479000830'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/3871933599479000830'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/11/anlisis-sobre-los-distintos-mecanismos.html' title='Análisis sobre los distintos mecanismos de difusión de políticas'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>68</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-6001000136271185779</id><published>2006-11-09T14:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:04.535-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nationalism'/><title type='text'>Immigració i nation building process: el cas de Catalunya en perspectiva diacrònica</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYUUAKndbjI/AAAAAAAAABs/ocmwSpTmjlU/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5009432153601961522" style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYUUAKndbjI/AAAAAAAAABs/ocmwSpTmjlU/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;La immigració és un fenomen consubstancial de la història de Catalunya. El nostre país ha estat, és i serà, molt probablement, un país d’immigració. En aquest sentit, l’objectiu d’aquest article resideix en analitzar com els fluxos migratoris contemporanis han interaccionat amb la defensa de la identitat catalana. Les dues grans corrents migratòries que ha rebut Catalunya en els últims temps (la immigració castellanoparlant de la segona meitat del segle passat i la immigració estrangera actual) han suposat un important repte col·lectiu a l’hora de fer compatible la integració dels nouvinguts amb l’enfortiment de la llengua i la cultura catalanes. L’argument d’aquest treball descansa en l’afirmació de que els fluxos migratoris per se no generen efectes negatius sobre el projecte nacional de Catalunya. Per contra, l’absència de competències i instruments polítics per regular i gestionar la immigració en mans de les institucions d’autogovern, sí que suposa un clar handicap que pot dificultar o fer estèril els esforços per a normalitzar nacionalment el país. Avui, la immigració ocupa una posició privilegiada en l’agenda política catalana com ha va fer dècades endarrere. Com apunta Guibernau (2002), la immigració, juntament amb un insuficient finançament econòmic i una manca de reconeixement cultural i polític de la nostra nació per part de l’Estat espanyol, és un dels desafiaments més importants que afronta Catalunya. Comparar les dues últimes experiències immigratòries que ha viscut el Principat pot contribuir a entendre millor en quina situació ens trobem i com projectar millor el nostre futur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’article es divideix en cinc grans apartats. En el primer apartat, s’intenta definir què s’entén per nació sense Estat i quines són les seves principals demandes i reivindicacions. A continuació, es posa l’èmfasi en el debat teòric existent sobre com el fenomen de la immigració podria incidir en el procés de nation building de les nacions sense Estat i en els principals reptes que les minories nacionals haurien de fer front. En el segon apartat, s’analitza l’important flux migratori que va arribar a Catalunya procedent de la resta de l’Estat espanyol entre els anys 1950-70. Aquesta etapa es va caracteritzar per l’absència absoluta de drets polítics i llibertats civils i va posar en perill el futur de la llengua i cultura catalanes davant la inexistència d’institucions polítiques catalanes que contribuïssin a agilitzar la integració dels nouvinguts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el tercer apartat, es posen de relleu els nous desafiaments que ha d’encarar Catalunya davant l’actual onada d’immigrants i quines són les competències que vol assumir per tal d’acomodar millor els nouvinguts. La immigració d’avui és molt més complexa i plural que la castellanoparlant a causa de la diversitat de procedències, de llengües, de cultures, de creences i, en definitiva, de modus vivendi. En el quart apartat, es defensa que la promoció del català continuï sent l’aspecte més important del discurs de reconstrucció nacional i que la llengua es converteixi definitivament en el pal de paller de la nostra societat, és a dir, en el nucli dur al voltant del qual es vertebri Catalunya i tots els grups etno-culturals o lingüístics. En l’últim apartat, s’apunten algunes conclusions i s’incideix en els punts de convergència i divergència entre la immigració de postguerra amb la de principis del segle XXI.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Per consultar el document:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/ImmigracioCATblog.pdf"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/ImmigracioCATblog.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* En qualsevol cas, convé remarcar que hi ha algunes imprecisions sobretot en quant al règim jurídic-distribució competencial vigent avui dia com a conseqüència de l'aprovació del nou Estatut d'Autonomia de Catalunya (règim lingüístic i competències d'acollida de persones immigrades). L'article fou escrit durant el 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-6001000136271185779?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/6001000136271185779/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=6001000136271185779&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6001000136271185779'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/6001000136271185779'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/11/immigraci-i-nation-building-process-el.html' title='Immigració i nation building process: el cas de Catalunya en perspectiva diacrònica'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYUUAKndbjI/AAAAAAAAABs/ocmwSpTmjlU/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-116233974116543216</id><published>2006-10-31T15:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:05.061-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nationalism'/><title type='text'>Nacions sense Estat: acomodació en democràcies plurinacionals o secessió?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYFhb3jePKI/AAAAAAAAABI/Qp06qe2JBco/s1600-h/dret.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 161px; height: 50px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYFhb3jePKI/AAAAAAAAABI/Qp06qe2JBco/s200/dret.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5008391392009796770" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;El debat sobre com acomodar les minories nacionals en el si d'algunes democràcies occidentals està molt en boga. El resorgiment i consolidació de moviments nacionalistes i les seves demandes han posat de relleu l'enquistament de les estructures de l'Estat-nació tradicional davant d'aquest escenari. Els Estats no sempre han sabut donar resposta a les reivindicacions de les comunitats nacionals minoritàries consistents en majors quotes quotes d'autonomia i, sobretot, en un reconeixement explícit de la seva especificitat. L'encaix de les nacions minoritàries dins d'alguns Estats occidentals no representa, però, un desafiament nou sinó que té unes arrels històriques ben identificables.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'article que vaig escriure i que fou publicat a la "Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas" de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, pretén clarificar els termes del debat actual sobre com articular les demandes nacionalistes dins d'un Estat democràtic i plurinacional. En aquest sentit, s'introdueix la idea de gestionar la diversitat nacional a través d'acords federals de tipus assimètric que permetin donar resposta simultàniamentals als anhels d'autonomia política amb als de la unitat de l'Estat. No obstant això, el federalisme presenta importants limitacions pràctiques que suggereixen constitucionalitzar el dret a la secessió entés com un procés reglat, consensuat i bilateral.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Citació de l'article:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bou i Novensà, Marc (2005). "Naciones sin Estado: ¿acomodación en democracias plurinacionales o secesión?", &lt;em&gt;Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas&lt;/em&gt;, vol. 4, núm. 2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Disponible online:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/380/38040211.pdf"&gt;http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/380/38040211.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-116233974116543216?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/116233974116543216/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=116233974116543216&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116233974116543216'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116233974116543216'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/10/nacions-sense-estat-acomodaci-en.html' title='Nacions sense Estat: acomodació en democràcies plurinacionals o secessió?'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYFhb3jePKI/AAAAAAAAABI/Qp06qe2JBco/s72-c/dret.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-116212106147656707</id><published>2006-10-29T03:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:05.378-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><title type='text'>Luces y sombras de la educación en América Latina</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYEQAnjePII/AAAAAAAAAAs/6_cegykNPvM/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYEQAnjePII/AAAAAAAAAAs/6_cegykNPvM/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5008301863416511618" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Referirse a América Latina en su conjunto supone, demasiado a menudo, ignorar la gran diversidad de situaciones que engloba esta región. América Latina comprende países muy heterogéneos y, por extensión, el desempeño en términos de desarrollo difiere enormemente entre ellos. Así, toda generalización no debe olvidar la especificidad y particularidad que presenta cada uno de los casos de estudio. Sin embargo, comparten ciertos rasgos característicos como, por ejemplo, los altos y persistentes niveles de desigualdad. De acuerdo con De Ferranti et al. (2004), en la década de los noventa, el grupo formado por el 10 por ciento de los hogares más ricos recibía aproximadamente el 48 por ciento de la renta total de la economía mientras que el 10 por ciento más pobre obtenía únicamente el 1,6 por ciento. A modo de comparación, en los países más ricos estos porcentajes representaban el 29,1 y el 2,5 por ciento, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de Gini ponen de manifiesto también que todos los países de América Latina son bastante más desiguales que el promedio mundial (PNUD, 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No obstante, la desigualdad no es sólo en términos económicos sino también a nivel político, social y cultural (Lynn Karl, 2003). Precisamente, el presente trabajo pretende analizar una de las dimensiones más importantes y, a su vez, más sensibles que conforma la desigualdad en la región: la educación. Existe cierta unanimidad en afirmar que la inversión en educación supone una de las políticas clave para revertir las desigualdades, promover el crecimiento económico, favorecer la igualdad de oportunidades, posibilitar la movilidad social y, en definitiva construir una sociedad más próspera y más igualitaria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El trabajo se estructura de la siguiente manera. En el primer apartado se analiza cuál es la situación actual en términos de educación en América Latina y cuál ha sido su evolución desde los años noventa para cada uno de los niveles educativos. En el segundo apartado se alerta sobre el déficit educativo que aún padece la región y, sobre todo, como el origen socioeconómico incide en el rendimiento escolar de las personas y cómo la educación puede convertirse, también, en una poderosa variable que explica y refuerza las desigualdades sociales. En el tercer apartado se incide en las disparidades existentes entre centros escolares en relación a la calidad educación y sus efectos sobre la reproducción de las desigualdes. En el cuarto apartado se aborda cómo el entramado institucional y el modelo de desarrollo que impera en los países latinoamericanos obstaculizan que los avances en términos educativos se traduzcan en una mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas y en un crecimiento económico sostenido.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para acceder al documento completo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/EducationLACblog.pdf"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/EducationLACblog.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-116212106147656707?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/116212106147656707/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=116212106147656707&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116212106147656707'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116212106147656707'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/10/luces-y-sombras-de-la-educacin-en.html' title='Luces y sombras de la educación en América Latina'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYEQAnjePII/AAAAAAAAAAs/6_cegykNPvM/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-116202477746740434</id><published>2006-10-28T01:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:05.634-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Latin America'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Poverty and Inequality'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='History'/><title type='text'>Inequality in Latin America: Some Historical Explanations</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYGRy3jePLI/AAAAAAAAABU/q2T4xzON0h0/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYGRy3jePLI/AAAAAAAAABU/q2T4xzON0h0/s200/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5008444563704921266" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The aim of this brief paper is to analize the main reasons why Latin America is the most unequal region in the world. To understand this extreme regional inequality, in terms of wealth or income, we have to take into account what has happened for the last five centuries in the area. In other words, Latin America’s inequality has deep historical roots (World Bank, 2004). This statement involves that, broadly speaking, “history matters” and social processes take a long time to unfold (Pierson, 2003). Focusing our attention on the temporal dimension will provide us with a richer appreciation about the complexity of social processes. Diachronic explanations capture the causes and effects of any social or political phenomenon better than synchronic ones. For this reason, path dependence arguments and increasing returns processes have become prevalent in the realm of public policies and institutions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It would seem clear (or maybe not) that colonial past in Latin America has strongly influenced and clearly determined its own political and social evolution. The origin of current structures of inequality lies in the assymetrical relationships between European colonist and subordinate native population. During the early colonial period, Spanish and Portuguese elites, thanks to their higher levels of human capital, developed both formal and informal institutions that consolidated and perpetuated their power to the detriment of indigenous populations. Natives were forced and exploited very often to work in the mines or in large plantations (i.e. sugarcane). This labor-intensive mode triggered an unequal distribution of income and assets (Karl, 2002). Therefore, it is not strange that slavery was a very common feature in this period. Thus, there is no doubt that extreme inequality comes from the beginning, but the institutions established then account for its persistence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After proclaiming independence in the 19th Century, few things changed apart from emancipation. Despite the fact that most of the young nation states in Latin America were formally republican democracies, in practice, European descendents continued to shape institutions and policies to their advantage maintaining their privileged positions. Certainly, the creole elites were able to achieve and preserve a disproportionate amount of power and influence in the formation and implementation of government policies. The concentration of political and economic power in the hands of a few was unquestionably a legacy of colonialism. This situation in turn perpetuated once again extreme inequality and, even sometimes, the living conditions of large segments of the population worsening considerably in the following decades. According to the World Bank (2004), “independence did not alter the structures of political power in Latin America”... and new strategies of exclusion were adopted. The right to vote was systematically restricted due to wealth and literacy requirements or biased by coercion, threat, fraud or by absence of an effective secret ballot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The asymmetrical distribution of political power had a feedback effect on both the access to economic opportunities and the investment in public goods that in turn reinforced the inequality among population. It is important to stress, for instance, that most of Latin American societies didn’t carry out sufficient investments in education and health and consequently they never achieved high or medium levels of schooling and literacy, in contrast to the path followed in North America as we will see later. The wealthy in South America were able to avoid projects or policies geared towards subsidized services for others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another clear example of how institutions in Latin America contributed to the persistence in the degree of inequality over time is land policy. In this region, there was an high concentration of land ownership (haciendas) that reproduced patterns of unequal distribution of private properties. Land was not available to the general population and the access to small units of land was really difficult if not impossible. As Karl (2002) points out, the poverty and inequality present in Latin America are linked to the asset distribution of its endowment of natural resources, the manner in which these assets and wealth were initially divided and the structure of property. This framework had basically a significant negative impact on long-term growth and encouraged private interests and clientelism over egalitarian attitudes or practices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The late 19th Century was a period characterized by agrarian transformations, falling transportation costs and the growth of world trade that reinforced, however, the marked concentration of political and economic power. Latin America entered the 20th Century with the same situation as the previous century: low quality mass education compared to North America, patterns of social exclusion and discrimination, powerful oligarchies, problems associated with dependence on mineral or agricultural wealth for exports, low investment rates, lack of respect for individual and collective rights, weakness of the rule of law, relations of patronage, rent-seekers, corruption, and so on. This vicious circle of self-reinforcing activity provided neither the public goods nor the human capital accumulation which are the key of a sustainable development free of inequality and also with no concentration of both assets and power. As we can see, despite social, economic and political conditions which can change over time, institutions are often extremely persistent and have their own mechanisms and internal logic to evolve, adjust and adapt to new scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not surprisingly, North America –the United States and Canada– walked towards a different path of development based on its social and political inclusiveness. What happened in the northern part of America? Why did they enjoy a much greater degree of equality? The initial conditions were radically differents in both hemispheres. Acording to the World Bank (2004), European colonizers in the north “learned that there was no gold and few indigenous people to exploit, and the soils and climates of North America would not support the production of highly profitable crops such as sugarcane”. These are the reasons why the institutions and public policies established in North America were in the long run more conducive to an effective widespread participation in trade and in politics, economic growth and, most importantly, equality. For instance, the United States and Canada were the leaders in doing away with restrictions based on wealth and literacy much earlier than their southern neighbours. In schooling we can say exactly the same. Finally, land policy in North America was radically different than in the South. Smallholders prevailed and the access to land was relatively easy. All these measures or public policies were considered as instruments to attracting scarce labor and immigrants. Note that the land was cheap and labor was costly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To sum up, in Latin America certain political and economical actors were in a very good position to impose the rules of the game thanks to specific initial conditions. In doing so, we have paid attention to the issue of temporality (Pierson, 2000). From the beginning, the Spanish and Portuguese elite chose a particular path of economic and social development. Once on this specific direction, European descendants had powerful incentives to stay on it because the costs of switching from one political alternative to another would have increased over time. Remember that prevalent institutions were designed and built specifically to protect their (dominant) interests. As Pierson states, “those earlier processes are relevant to a full understanding of contemporary social events”. Public policies like expenditure in health, education, housing, etc. over time, reflect the manner in which political institutions work and how political power is distributed. Analysis of the preceding long-term processes (timing and sequence) are necessary to comprehend both political change and stability in Latin America and wherever. Inequality in Latin America can not only be explained as a result, for example, of the last two decades during the predominance of the neoliberal paradigm and their outcomes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karl, Terry Lynn. 2002. "The vicious cycle of Inequality in Latin America". Eckstein, S. E. and Wickham-Crowley, T. (eds). &lt;em&gt;What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America&lt;/em&gt;, California: University of California Press.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pierson, P. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics”, &lt;em&gt;American Political Science Review&lt;/em&gt;, 94 (2): 251-267.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pierson, P. 2003. “Big, Slow-Moving, and...Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics”, in Mahoney, J. and Rueschemeyer, D. (eds.). &lt;em&gt;Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;World Bank. 2004. &lt;em&gt;Inequality in Latin America &amp;amp; the Caribbean: Breaking with History?&lt;/em&gt; Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/LAC/LAC.nsf/0/4112F1114F594B4B85256DB3005DB262?Opendocument"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-116202477746740434?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/116202477746740434/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=116202477746740434&amp;isPopup=true' title='29 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116202477746740434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116202477746740434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/10/inequality-in-latin-america-some_28.html' title='Inequality in Latin America: Some Historical Explanations'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYGRy3jePLI/AAAAAAAAABU/q2T4xzON0h0/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>29</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-116198700395824528</id><published>2006-10-27T15:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:44:05.861-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='History'/><title type='text'>Esclavitud, emancipació i post-emancipació a Jamaica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYA5NnjePGI/AAAAAAAAAAY/HYeFn35OwAw/s1600-h/Eth_Minor_9-3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 0pt; padding: 0px; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYA5NnjePGI/AAAAAAAAAAY/HYeFn35OwAw/s200/Eth_Minor_9-3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5008065691754839138" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;El comerç transatlàntic d’esclaus negres fou un dels fenòmens més importants que es van produir entre els segles XVI i primers anys del XIX. Milions d’africans, entre 15 i 18, van ser capturats i posteriorment traslladats a Amèrica i al Carib per suplir la demanda de mà d’obra a les mines, plantacions de canya de sucre, tabac, cafè o cotó. Si la xifra de persones deportades ja és prou esfereïdora, pitjor és la proporció d’esclaus que finalment arribaven a l’altra costat de l’Atlàntic: només un de cada cinc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jamaica es va convertir a finals del segle XVII i gran part del XVIII en el centre de l’economia sucrera gràcies a unes extensions de terreny i una climatologia molt aptes per al desenvolupament a gran escala d’aquest producte. El cultiu, la producció i, finalment, la comercialització del sucre constituïa un dels negocis més lucratius i de moda del moment. Però per donar resposta a les exigències i demandes del mercat extern es va haver de recórrer a una quantitat ingent de mà d’obra esclava que acabarà condicionant, de manera incontestada, la senda de desenvolupament futur de l’illa. Segons dades aportades per Dunn (2006), més de 800.000 esclaus van ser traslladats d’Àfrica a Jamaica entre 1655 i 1808.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’objectiu del present treball es doble: per una banda, assenyalar els principals trets definitoris de l’esclavitud a Jamaica i, per l’altra, analitzar la situació de l’illa una vegada es decreta l’emancipació dels esclaus el 1833. En relació al primer objectiu, s’abordaran aspectes tan rellevants com la desproporció entre blancs i negres, l’absentisme dels planters, el règim jurídic dels esclaus, els càstigs infligits, les pautes demogràfiques negatives o les dificultats associades per obtenir la manumissió. També es veurà com la pressió dels abolicionistes va desembocar en la prohibició del comerç esclau dins l’Imperi britànic a partir del 1807 i en la necessitat de millorar les condicions de vida dels esclaus. En relació al segon objectiu, es farà referència a les compensacions que es van atorgar als planters com a conseqüència de l’emancipació, les causes que van provocar el declivi continuat de l’economia jamaicana i com els lliberts van encarar el seu futur. Per últim, s’analitzarà la rebel·lió de Morant Bay que va costar ni més ni menys que l’autonomia fins llavors bicentenària de Jamaica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es pretén obtenir, doncs, una visió sistèmica i de conjunt a partir d’un enfocament diacrònic que intenti interrelacionar els aspectes més controvertits i particulars de l’esclavitud i post-esclavitud de la que fou l’illa més important del Carib. A continuació, i abans d’endinsar-nos en el cas d’estudi de Jamaica, es realitza una molt breu pinzellada sobre la institució de l’esclavitud en si mateixa per determinar seu marc conceptual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si voleu consultar el document complet cliqueu a la següent direcció:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Jamaicablog.pdf"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Jamaicablog.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-116198700395824528?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/116198700395824528/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=116198700395824528&amp;isPopup=true' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116198700395824528'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/116198700395824528'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/10/esclavitud-emancipaci-i-post.html' title='Esclavitud, emancipació i post-emancipació a Jamaica'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ejJtg3MkMGY/RYA5NnjePGI/AAAAAAAAAAY/HYeFn35OwAw/s72-c/Eth_Minor_9-3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21067222.post-113758453054738878</id><published>2006-01-18T03:41:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-04-30T01:22:32.307-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='International Politics'/><title type='text'>Una reflexión sobre los regímenes internacionales</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Los regímenes internacionales fueron objeto de uno de los desarrollos teóricos más importantes de la década de los 80. En esencia, la conceptualización de los regímenes internacionales fue un intento orientado a comprender bajo qué condiciones los Estados cooperaban mutuamente. Luego de dos décadas desde su teorización, el concepto de régimen continúa estando en la palestra de la literatura académica sobre relaciones internacionales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una visión general sobre las principales discusiones que han versado acerca de los regímenes internacionales. El artículo se divide de la siguiente manera. En el primer apartado, se hace un breve repaso del debate, pasado y presente, sobre si la arena internacional puede o no generar prácticas de cooperación. En el segundo apartado, se analiza como los regímenes internacionales se conciben como los espacios de cooperación institucionalizos por excelencia. Para ello, se procede a: i) definir los regímenes y determinar sus rasgos distintivos; ii) destacar cómo han sido interpretados por parte de las distintas perspectivas teóricas; iii) incidir sobre cómo los regímenes emergen y evolucionan haciendo hincapié en el rol de las comunidades epistémicas; iv) trasponer las teorías de path dependence e increasing returns para explicar por qué los regímenes perduran en el tiempo y se muestran, en muchas ocasiones, resistentes al cambio. Por último, se explorará las posibilidades de integrar las distintas corrientes de pensamiento sobre los regímenes internacionales y se apuntaran algunas conclusiones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para acceder al documento completo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Regimenesinternacionalesblog.pdf"&gt;http://mbounovensa.googlepages.com/Regimenesinternacionalesblog.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21067222-113758453054738878?l=bounovensa.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/feeds/113758453054738878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=21067222&amp;postID=113758453054738878&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/113758453054738878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21067222/posts/default/113758453054738878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bounovensa.blogspot.com/2006/01/una-reflexin-sobre-los-regmenes.html' title='Una reflexión sobre los regímenes internacionales'/><author><name>Marc Bou Novensà</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08647530658999841916</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
